Editing Jiangsu (section)

==Geography==
[[File:Urban-Rural Population and Land Area Estimates, v2, 2010 Shanghai, China (13874137394).jpg|thumb|left|Population density and low elevation coastal zones in Jiangsu. Jiangsu is particularly vulnerable to [[sea level rise]].]]
[[File:35年江蘇分縣詳圖亞光輿地學社.png|thumb|Jiangsu in 1946]]
[[File:Chengxu Temple, Zhou Zhuang.JPG|alt=|thumb|Tourists cross a bridge in Chengxu temple, a Taoist temple which was built in 1086–1093 during the Song dynasty]]{{More citations needed section|date=November 2024}}
Jiangsu is flat, with plains covering 68 percent of its total area (water covers another 18 percent). Most of the province stands not more than {{convert|50|m|sp=us}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]]. Jiangsu also has a well-developed irrigation system, which earned it (especially the southern half) the moniker of {{zh|t=水鄕|s=水乡|first=t}} (''shuǐxiāng'' "land of water"). The southern city of [[Suzhou]] has so many canals that it has been dubbed "[[List of places called Venice of the East|Venice of the East]]" or the "Venice of the Orient".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uvista.com/en/jiangsu/suzhou.htm |title=Suzhou -'Venice in the Orient' – China Travel Guide |publisher=Uvista.com |access-date=2013-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512053618/http://www.uvista.com/en/jiangsu/suzhou.htm |archive-date=2013-05-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://images.nikonians.org/galleries/showphoto.php?photo=204283 |title=Nikonians Photo Galleries – Venice of the East |publisher=Images.nikonians.org |access-date=2013-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206232723/http://images.nikonians.org/galleries/showphoto.php?photo=204283 |archive-date=2013-12-06 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Grand Canal of China]] cuts through Jiangsu from north to south, crossing all the east–west river systems. Jiangsu also borders the [[Yellow Sea]]. The [[Yangtze River]], the longest river of China, cuts through the province in the south and reaches the [[East China Sea]], which divides the region into two parts: more urban, prosperous south and more poorer, rural north, and these two parts has a tense division.<ref>{{cite web|author-last1=Lee|author-first1=Jennifer|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/jiangsu-new-yorks-chinese-sister/?_r=0|title=Jiangsu, New York's China Sister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215175431/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/jiangsu-new-yorks-chinese-sister/?_r=0|archive-date=2018-12-15|website=The New York Times|date=2009-04-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Mount Huaguo (Jiangsu)|Mount Huaguo]], near the city of [[Lianyungang]], is the highest point in Jiangsu, at an altitude of {{convert|625|m|abbr=out|sp=us}} [[above sea level]]. Large lakes in Jiangsu include [[Lake Tai]] (the largest), [[Lake Hongze]], [[Lake Gaoyou]], [[Lake Luoma]], and [[Lake Yangcheng]].

Before 1194 A.D., the [[Huai River]] cut through north Jiangsu to reach the [[Yellow Sea]]. The Huai River is a major river in central China, and it was the traditional border between [[North China and South China]]. Since 1194 A.D., the [[Yellow River]] further to the north changed its course several times, running into the [[Huai River]] in north Jiangsu each time instead of its other usual path northwards into [[Bohai Bay]]. The silting caused by the [[Yellow River]] was so heavy that after its last episode of "hijacking" the Huai River ended in 1855: the Huai River was no longer able to go through its usual path into the sea. Instead it flooded, pooled up (thereby forming and enlarging [[Lake Hongze]] and [[Lake Gaoyou]]), and flowed southwards through the [[Grand Canal of China|Grand Canal]] into the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]]. The old path of the [[Huai River]] is now marked by a series of [[irrigation]] channels, the most significant of which is the [[North Jiangsu Main Irrigation Canal]] ({{zh|t=蘇北灌溉總渠|s=苏北灌溉总渠|first=t}}), which channels a small amount of the water of the [[Huai River]] alongside south of its old path into the sea.

[[File:玄武湖远眺.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Xuanwu Lake]] in [[Nanjing]]]]

Most of Jiangsu has a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'' or ''Cwa'' in the [[Köppen climate classification]]), beginning to transition into a [[humid continental climate]] (Köppen ''Dwa'') in the far north. Seasonal changes are clear-cut, with temperatures at an average of {{convert|−1|to|4|C|F}} in January and {{convert|26|to|29|C|F}} in July. Rain falls frequently between spring and summer (''[[meiyu]]''), [[typhoon]]s with [[rainstorm]]s occur in late summer and early autumn. As with the rest of the coast, tornados are possible. The annual average rainfall is {{convert|800|to|1200|mm|sp=us}}, concentrated mostly in summer during the southeast [[monsoon]].

=== Climate change in Jiangsu ===
Due to its flat terrain, low altitude, and dense population, Jiangsu is one of the most vulnerable regions in China to [[Climate change in China|climate change]] and its ensuing [[sea level rise]].<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=XDI releases world-first comparison of every state's physical climate risk |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/news/xdi-releases-world-first-comparison-every-states-physical-climate-risk |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=www.preventionweb.net |date=February 20, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> According to the data collected by the Center of Climate Change in Jiangsu from 1961 to 2007, on average, the province experiences an temperature increase between 0.16 and 0.45 Celsius per 10 years and total precipitation change between -28.7 and 37.09&nbsp;mm per 10 years. [[Extreme weather]] have become stronger and more common. Jiangsu's [[Effects of climate change on agriculture|agriculture]], [[ecosystem]], [[Water resources|water resource]], transportation, and [[Coastal erosion|coastline]] are all negatively impacted. The speed of sea level rise exceeds the world's average by a large margin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=苏 |first=政发 |date=2009 |title=江苏省政府关于印发江苏省应对气候变化方案的通知 |url=https://www.ccchina.org.cn/Detail.aspx?newsId=73146&TId=266 |website=中国气候变化信息网}}</ref>

Specifically, a ranking on climate change risk of global regions released in early 2023 by [[The Cross Dependency Initiative]] (XDI) puts Jiangsu as the most vulnerable of the entire world.<ref name=":03" /> Jiangsu is at more risk due to its extensive [[Built environment|industrial, trade, residential, and commercial development]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=XDI Benchmark Series - Gross Domestic Climate Risk |url=https://xdi.systems/xdi-benchmark-gdcr/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=XDI |language=en-AU}}</ref>

In response to climate disturbance across the country, the fourteenth [[Five-year plans of China|five-year plan]], endorsed by the National People's Congress in 2021, indicates the general direction and various steps towards a low-carbon transition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Issue Brief - China's 14th 5-Year Plan: Spotlighting Climate & Environment {{!}} United Nations Development Programme |url=https://www.undp.org/china/publications/issue-brief-chinas-14th-5-year-plan-spotlighting-climate-environment |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> On a provincial level, the Jiangsu government aims to achieve an 18% carbon dioxide decrease per unit GDP and accelerate the development of a green, low-carbon economy, as indicated in the 14th five-year development. The province also plans to recover the damaged coastal regions such as [[Lianyungang|Lianyugang]] and [[Yancheng]], and improve resilience against rising sea level by implementing [[seawall]]s and river [[floodgate]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=内详 |last2=林森 |date=11 April 2022 |title=江苏省印发《江苏省"十四五"应对气候变化规划》的通知 |url=http://www.thjj.org/sf_384578B9ABCB47128691DDD03F3545C3_227_8C0B6735583.html |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=中国绿色碳汇基金会}}</ref>

Major cities:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jiangsu.net/city/|title=Cities and Towns in Jiangsu|work=Jiangsu.net|access-date=22 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205141342/http://www.jiangsu.net/city/|archive-date=5 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Nanjing]]
* [[Suzhou]]
* [[Wuxi]]
* [[Xuzhou]]
* [[Changzhou]]
* [[Yangzhou]]
* [[Lianyungang]]
* [[Yancheng]]
* [[Zhenjiang]]
* [[Nantong]]
* [[Huai'an]]
* [[Taizhou, Jiangsu|Taizhou]]
* [[Suqian]]

{{div col end}}