Editing Jerry Brown (section)

==34th governor of California (1975–1983)==

===First term===
{{Main|1974 California gubernatorial election}}
[[File:Gubernatorial candidate Jerry Brown speaking at political rally, 1974.jpg|thumb|Brown speaking with supporters in 1974.]]
In 1974, Brown ran in a highly contested Democratic primary for Governor of California against [[speaker of the California Assembly]] [[Bob Moretti]], San Francisco mayor [[Joseph L. Alioto]], Representative [[Jerome R. Waldie]], and others. Brown won the primary with the name recognition of his father, Pat Brown, whom many people admired for his progressive administration.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kotkin |first=Joel |url=https://blogs.forbes.com/joelkotkin/2011/01/03/californias-third-brown-era/ |title=California's Third Brown Era – Joel Kotkin – New Geographer|work=Forbes |date=December 30, 2010 |access-date=January 21, 2011}}</ref> In the General Election on November 5, 1974, Brown was elected Governor of California over California state controller [[Houston I. Flournoy]]; Republicans ascribed the loss to anti-Republican feelings from [[Watergate]], the election being held only ninety days after President [[Richard Nixon]] resigned from office. Brown succeeded Republican governor [[Ronald Reagan]], who retired after two terms.

[[File:Jerry Brown 1974 Plymouth Satellite.jpg|thumb|left|Jerry Brown selected two frugal 1974 Plymouth Satellites from the state motor pool for his use in Northern California and Southern California. This is one of them, on display at the [[California Automobile Museum]].]]

After taking office, Brown gained a reputation as a [[fiscal conservatism|fiscal conservative]].<ref name="ABC1">{{cite news |title=Gov. Brown, California |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=August 23, 1975|author=Shoemaker, Dick}}</ref> ''[[The American Conservative]]'' later noted he was "much more of a fiscal conservative than [[Ronald Reagan|Governor Reagan]]".<ref name="AC1">{{cite news |title=Five Faces of Jerry Brown |url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/five-faces-of-jerry-brown// |work=[[American Conservative]] |date=November 1, 2009|author=Walker, Jesse |author-link=Jesse Walker}}</ref> His fiscal restraint resulted in one of the biggest budget surpluses in state history, roughly $5 billion.<ref name="SJMN2">{{cite news |title=Brown, Whitman prepare for gubernatorial debate |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_16188880 |agency=Associated Press |work=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |date=September 27, 2010 |author=Young, Samantha }}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> For his personal life, Brown refused many of the privileges and perks of the office, forgoing the newly constructed 20,000 square-foot governor's residence in the suburb of [[Carmichael, California|Carmichael]] and instead renting a $275-per-month apartment at 1228 N Street, adjacent to Capitol Park in downtown Sacramento.<ref>{{harvnb|Bachelis|1986|p=68}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Schell|1978|pp=80–81}}</ref> Rather than riding as a passenger in a chauffeured [[limousine]] as previous governors had done, Brown walked to work and drove in a [[Plymouth Satellite]] [[Sedan (car)|sedan]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Jennifer |last=Steinhauer |title=4 Ex-Governors Craving Jobs of Yore |date=December 5, 2009 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/06/us/politics/06govs.html|access-date=January 25, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jerry Brown Meets Sgt. York & Flavor Flav|date=December 10, 2009|publisher=CalBuzz|url=http://www.calbuzz.com/2009/12/jerry-brown-meets-sgt-york-flavor-flav/|access-date=January 25, 2010|archive-date=January 9, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109082417/http://www.calbuzz.com/2009/12/jerry-brown-meets-sgt-york-flavor-flav/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Schell|1978|p=82}}</ref> When [[Gray Davis]], who was chief of staff to Governor Brown, suggested that a hole in the rug in the governor's office be fixed, Brown responded: “That hole will save the state at least $500 million, because legislators cannot come down and pound on my desk demanding lots of money for their pet programs while looking at a hole in my rug!”<ref name=BL_2020-01 >{{ cite web | url=https://update.lib.berkeley.edu/2020/01/23/governor-gray-davis-on-jerry-brown/ | title=Governor Gray Davis on Governor Jerry Brown | last=Davis | first=Gray | author-link=Gray Davis | date=2020-01-23 | access-date=2020-10-20 | quote=Another example of the governor’s frugality occurred about three months into his administration. We were just finishing our morning meeting, when I mentioned to the governor that I had asked General Services to come over and not replace, but repair a 10-inch hole in the rug adjacent to his desk. “Why would you do that?” he asked. “Because it’s unseemly to have a hole in the governor’s rug.” The Governor answered: “That hole will save the state at least $500 million, because legislators cannot come down and pound on my desk demanding lots of money for their pet programs while looking at a hole in my rug!” }}</ref>

As governor, Brown took a strong interest in [[environmental issues]]. He appointed [[J. Baldwin]] to work in the newly created California Office of Appropriate Technology, [[Sim Van der Ryn]] as State Architect, [[Stewart Brand]] as Special Advisor, [[John Bryson]] as chairman of the California State Water Board. Brown also reorganized the [[California Arts Council]], boosting its funding by 1300 percent and appointing artists to the council,<ref name="AG Bio">{{cite web|url=http://ag.ca.gov/ag/brown.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119094345/http://ag.ca.gov/ag/brown.php|archive-date=November 19, 2009|title=Edmund G. Brown Jr.|publisher=California Office of the Attorney General|access-date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> and appointed more women and minorities to office than any other previous California governor.<ref name="AG Bio"/> In 1977, he sponsored the "first-ever tax incentive for rooftop solar", among many environmental initiatives.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite news|author=COLIN SULLIVAN of Greenwire | url=https://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/10/08/08greenwire-jerry-browns-environmental-record-runs-deep-44334.html | title=Jerry Brown's Environmental Record Runs Deep |work=The New York Times |date=October 8, 2010 |access-date=October 13, 2010}}</ref> In 1975, Brown obtained the repeal of the "[[Depletion (accounting)|depletion allowance]]", a tax break for the state's oil industry, despite the efforts of [[lobbyist]] [[Joseph C. Shell]], a former intraparty rival to Nixon.<ref>The decisive vote against the allowance was cast in the [[California State Senate]] by the usually pro-business Republican Senator [[Robert S. Stevens (judge)|Robert S. Stevens]]. Shell claimed that Stevens had promised him that he would support keeping the allowance: "He had shaken my hand and told me he was with me." Brown later rewarded Stevens with a judicial appointment, but Stevens was driven from the bench for making salacious telephone calls.{{cite news |url=http://www.sacbee.com/walters/story/844451.html |title=For Joe Shell, character trumped ideology in California politics |last=Walters |first=Dan|date=April 8, 2008|work=The Sacramento Bee |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423035846/http://www.sacbee.com/walters/story/844451.html|archive-date=April 23, 2008}}</ref>

In 1975, Brown opposed Vietnamese immigration to California, saying that the state had enough poor people. He added, “There is something a little strange about saying ‘Let's bring in 500,000 more people’ when we can't take care of the 1 million (Californians) out of work.”<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-jerry-brown-tried-to-keep-immigrants-out-of-california-1520634989|title=When Jerry Brown Tried to Keep Immigrants Out of California|first=Joseph|last=D’Hippolito|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=9 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2019/01/17/williams-why-dems-changed-course-on-illegal-immigration/|title=Williams: Why Dems changed course on illegal immigration|date=January 17, 2019}}</ref>

Brown strongly opposed the [[death penalty]] and vetoed it as governor, which the legislature overrode in 1977.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schell|1978|pp=232, 248–249}}</ref> He also appointed judges who opposed capital punishment. One of these appointments, [[Rose Bird]] as the chief justice of the [[Supreme Court of California|California Supreme Court]], was voted out in 1987 after a strong campaign financed by business interests upset by her "pro-labor" and "pro-free speech" rulings. The death penalty was only "a trumped-up excuse"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cschs.org/02_history/images/CSCHS_2007-Brown.pdf|title=California Supreme Court History|work=California Supreme Court Historical Society|access-date=2018-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105014051/http://www.cschs.org/02_history/images/CSCHS_2007-Brown.pdf|archive-date=2013-11-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> to use against her, even though the Bird Court consistently upheld the constitutionality of the death penalty.<ref name="SFBG1">{{cite news |title=Jerry Brown and the Rose Bird factor |url=http://www.sfbg.com/politics/2010/03/02/jerry-brown-and-rose-bird-factor |newspaper=[[San Francisco Bay Guardian]] |date=March 2, 2010 |last=Redmond |first=Tim}}</ref> In 1960, he lobbied his father, then governor, to spare the life of [[Caryl Chessman]] and reportedly won a 60-day stay for him.<ref name="rivals question">{{cite news |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/politics/article/CAMPAIGN-2006-State-attorney-general-Brown-s-2517600.php |title=Brown's rivals question commitment to death penalty |last=Zamora |first=Jim Herron |date=June 2, 2006 |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |access-date=November 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623112947/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2006%2F06%2F02%2FBAGOTJ685P1.DTL |archive-date=June 23, 2006 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/20/books/he-was-their-last-resort.html |title=He Was Their Last Resort |last=Lewis |first=Anthony |date=August 20, 1989 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=November 19, 2009}}</ref>

Brown was both in favor of a [[Balanced Budget Amendment]] and initially opposed to [[California Proposition 13 (1978)|Proposition 13]], the latter of which would decrease property taxes and greatly reduce revenue to cities and counties.<ref name="LAT2">{{cite news |title=The parable of 'Jerry Jarvis' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-mar-04-la-me-cap4-2010mar04-story.html |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=March 4, 2010 |last=Skelton |first=George}}</ref> After Prop 13 passed in June 1978, he changed course and declared himself a “born-again tax cutter.” He heavily cut state spending, and along with the Legislature, spent much of the $5 billion surplus to meet the proposition's requirements and help offset the revenue losses which made cities, counties, and schools more dependent on the state.<ref name="SJMN2"/><ref name="LAT2"/> His actions in response to the proposition earned him praise from Proposition 13 author [[Howard Jarvis]] who went as far as to make a television commercial for Brown just before his successful [[California gubernatorial election, 1978|re-election bid in 1978]].<ref name="LAT2"/> The controversial proposition immediately cut tax revenues and required a two-thirds [[supermajority]] to raise taxes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/14/us/14calif.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |first=Jesse |last=McKinley |title=A Candidate Finds Much Changed, and Little |date=March 13, 2010}}</ref> Max Neiman, a professor at the [[Institute of Governmental Studies]] at University of California, Berkeley, credited Brown for "bailing out local government and school districts", but felt it was harmful "because it made it easier for people to believe that Proposition 13 wasn't harmful".<ref name="nytimes1"/> In an interview in 2014, Brown indicated that a "war chest" would have helped his campaign for an alternative to Proposition 13.<ref name=buildon>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/local/politics/la-me-pol-jerry-brown-20141019-story.html |title=An experienced Jerry Brown vows to build on what he's already done |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 19, 2014 |access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref>

===1976 presidential election===
{{Main|1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries}}
[[File:JerryBrown.png|thumb|left|Brown at the [[1976 Democratic National Convention]] in [[New York City]]]]
[[File:Democratic Convention in New York City, July 14, 1976. Cesar Chavez at podium, nominating Gov. Brown (cropped1).jpg|right|thumb|[[Cesar Chavez]] nominating Brown at the 1976 Democratic National Convention]]
Brown began his first campaign for the Democratic nomination for president on March 16, 1976,<ref>{{harvnb|Schell|1978|p=3}}</ref> late in the primary season and over a year after some candidates had started campaigning. Brown declared: "The country is rich, but not so rich as we have been led to believe. The choice to do one thing may preclude another. In short, we are entering an era of limits."<ref name="CA rides the wave">{{cite news|last=Nolte|first=Carl|title=California rides the wave |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/California-Rides-the-Wave-Booming-growth-2928139.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=November 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021128134856/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F1999%2F05%2F30%2FSC48827.DTL|archive-date=November 28, 2002|url-status=live|date=May 30, 1999|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name="NY Times 3-30-1992">{{cite news|last=Schmalz|first=Jeffrey|title=THE 1992 CAMPAIGN: Candidate's Record; Brown Firm on What He Believes, But What He Believes Often Shifts|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/03/30/us/1992-campaign-candidate-s-record-brown-firm-what-he-believes-but-what-he.html|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 28, 2010|date=March 30, 1992}}</ref>

Brown's name began appearing on primary ballots in May and he won in [[Maryland]], [[Nevada]], and his home state of California.<ref>View archival news footage of Brown's campaign speech in [[Union Square, San Francisco]] on May 25, 1976: {{cite web|url=http://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/189401 |title=Jerry Brown Presidential Campaign in Union Square - Bay Area Television Archive |access-date=2016-11-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306125430/https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/189401 |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |df=mdy }}.</ref> He missed the deadline in [[Oregon]], but he ran as a write-in candidate and finished in third behind Former Georgia Governor [[Jimmy Carter]] and Senator [[Frank Church]] of [[Idaho]]. Brown is often credited with winning the [[New Jersey]] and [[Rhode Island]] primaries, but in reality, uncommitted slates of delegates that Brown advocated in those states finished first. With support from [[Louisiana]] governor [[Edwin Edwards]], Brown won a majority of delegates at the Louisiana delegate selection convention; thus, Louisiana was the only southern state to not support Southerners Carter or Alabama governor [[George Wallace]]. Despite this success, he was unable to stall Carter's momentum, and his rival was nominated on the first ballot at the [[1976 Democratic National Convention]]. Brown finished third with roughly 300 delegate votes, narrowly behind Congressman [[Morris Udall]] and Carter.

===Second term===
{{main|1978 California gubernatorial election}}
[[File:Governor Jerry Brown speaking before crowd at re-election rally on UCLA campus, 1978.jpg|thumb|Brown speaking at a re-election rally in 1978.]]
Brown won re-election in 1978 against Republican state attorney general [[Evelle J. Younger]]. Brown appointed the first [[openly gay]] judge in the United States when he named [[Stephen Lachs]] to serve on the [[Los Angeles County Superior Court]] in 1979.<ref name=out_for_good>{{Cite book |last1=Clendinen |first1=Dudley |last2=Nagourney |first2=Adam |title=Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America |url=https://archive.org/details/outforgoodstrugg0000clen |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |isbn=978-0-684-81091-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/outforgoodstrugg0000clen/page/411 411]–412|year=1999 }}</ref> In 1981, he also appointed the first openly [[lesbian]] judge in the United States, [[Mary C. Morgan]], to the San Francisco Municipal Court.<ref name=advocate_19940823>Jim Schroeder, ''Twenty-five years of courtroom trauma'' ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]'' (August 23, 1994).</ref> Brown completed his second term having appointed a total of five gay judges, including [[Rand Schrader]] and [[Jerold Krieger]].<ref name=latimes_19911125>Tracy Wilkinson, [http://www.aegis.org/news/lt/1991/LT911129.html Municipal Court Judge Faces Challenge of AIDS – Disease] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813042722/http://www.aegis.org/news/lt/1991/LT911129.html |date=August 13, 2011 }}, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' (November 25, 1991).</ref><ref name=latimes_20020220>Myrna Oliver, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-feb-20-me-krieger20-story.html Judge Jerold Krieger, 58; Activist Helped Open Gay-Lesbian Temple], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' (February 20, 2002).</ref> Through his first term as governor, Brown had not appointed any openly gay people to any position, but he cited the failed 1978 [[Briggs Initiative]], which sought to ban homosexuals from working in California's public schools, for his increased support of [[gay rights]].<ref name=out_for_good/> The governor also signed AB 489, The [[Consenting Adult Sex Bill|Consenting Adult Sex Act]], which decriminalized homosexual behavior between adults, adding to this reputation. He did, however, sign AB 607, which barred homosexual couples from receiving civil marriage licenses, in 1977.

[[File:Jerry Brown in 1978 crop.jpg|thumb|left|Brown in 1978.]]
Brown championed the [[Peripheral Canal]] project to transport water from near Sacramento around the [[Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta|Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta]] into the Central Valley Project and export it to southern California. It was submitted to the voters for approval as a ballot proposition in 1982, but was turned down.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gwynn|first=Douglas|date=February 1983|title=The California Peripheral Canal: who backed it, who fought it|url=https://ucanr.edu/repositoryfiles/ca3701p22-70808.pdf|journal=California Agriculture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604145356/https://ucanr.edu/repositoryfiles/ca3701p22-70808.pdf|archive-date=2016-06-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1981, Brown, who had established a reputation as a strong environmentalist, was confronted with a serious [[medfly]] infestation in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. The state's agricultural industry advised him, and the US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service ([[APHIS]]), to authorize airborne spraying of the region. Initially, in accordance with his environmental protection stance, he chose to authorize ground-level spraying only. Unfortunately, the infestation spread as the medfly reproductive cycle out-paced the spraying. After more than a month, millions of dollars of crops had been destroyed, and billions of dollars more were threatened. Governor Brown then authorized a massive response to the infestation. Fleets of helicopters sprayed [[malathion]] at night, and the [[California National Guard]] set up highway checkpoints and collected many tons of local fruit; in the final stage of the campaign, entomologists released millions of [[sterile insect technique|sterile male medflies]] in an attempt to disrupt the insects' reproductive cycle.

Ultimately, the infestation was eradicated, but both the governor's delay and the scale of the action have remained controversial ever since. Some people claimed that malathion was toxic to humans, as well as insects. In response to such concerns, Brown's chief of staff, [[B. T. Collins]], staged a news conference during which he publicly drank a glass of malathion. Many people complained that, while the malathion may not have been very toxic to humans, the aerosol spray containing it was corrosive to car paint.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/17/us/the-battle-over-the-medfly.html|title=The Battle Over the Medfly|last=Haberman|first=Clyde|date=2014-03-16|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-09-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/10/us/california-resumes-air-war-against-invading-fruit-fly-stirring-debate.html|title=California Resumes Air War Against Invading Fruit Fly, Stirring Debate|author=Alexandra Smith|date=1989-12-10|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-09-07}}</ref>

Brown proposed the establishment of a state space academy and the purchasing of a [[satellite]] that would be launched into orbit to provide emergency communications for the state—a proposal similar to one that was indeed eventually adopted. In 1979, an out-of-state columnist, [[Mike Royko]], at the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', picked up on the nickname from Brown's [[girlfriend]] at the time, [[Linda Ronstadt]], who was quoted in a 1978 ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine interview humorously calling him "Moonbeam".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/zach-friend/california-governors-race_b_611344.html |first=Zach |last=Friend |title=California Governor's Race: Why Moonbeam Will Win |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=June 14, 2010 |access-date=November 18, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Our Latest Export: Gov. Moonbeam--er, Brown |first=Mike |last=Royko |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 23, 1979 |page=C11 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/158869485 |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 6, 2017 |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525064826/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/158869485.html |url-status=live |id={{ProQuest|158869485}}}}</ref> A year later, Royko expressed his regret for publicizing the nickname,<ref>{{cite news |title=Gov. Moonbeam Has Landed |first=Mike |last=Royko |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=August 17, 1980 |page=E5 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/162909754 |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 6, 2017 |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525064829/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/162909754.html |url-status=live |id={{ProQuest|162909754}}}}</ref> and in 1991 Royko disavowed it entirely, proclaiming Brown to be just as serious as any other politician.<ref>{{cite news |last=McKinley |first=Jesse |title=How Jerry Brown Became 'Governor Moonbeam' |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=WK5 |date=March 7, 2010 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/weekinreview/07mckinley.html |access-date=March 8, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Time to eclipse the 'moonbeam' label |first=Mike |last=Royko |newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]] |date=September 10, 1991 |quote=By now, the label had surely faded away, especially since Brown is obviously a serious man and every bit as normal as the next candidate, if not more so. |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/1991/09/04/time-to-eclipse-moonbeam-label/}}</ref>

Some notable figures were given priority correspondence access to him in either advisory or personal roles. These included [[United Farm Workers of America]] founder [[Cesar Chavez]], [[Hewlett-Packard]] co-founder [[David Packard]], labor leader [[Jack Henning]], and [[Charles Manatt]], then-Chairman of the California State Democratic Party. Mail was routed as [[VIP]] to be delivered directly to the governor. However, it is unclear as to exactly how long this may have occurred.<ref name="California Watch">{{cite news |author=Davis, Chase |url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/news/article/List-reveals-who-had-Jerry-Brown-s-ear-in-79-3250206.php |title=List reveals who had Jerry Brown's ear in '79 |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|agency=California Watch |date=October 10, 2010 |access-date=November 18, 2017}}</ref>

In 1978, San Francisco [[punk band]] the [[Dead Kennedys]]' first single, "[[California über alles]]", from the album ''[[Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables]]'', was released; it was performed from the perspective of then-governor Brown painting a picture of a [[hippie]]-[[fascist]] state, satirizing what they considered his mandating of liberal ideas in a fascist manner, commenting on what lyricist [[Jello Biafra]] saw as the corrosive nature of power. The imaginary Brown had become President Brown presiding over secret police and gas chambers. Biafra later said in an interview with ''[[Nardwuar]]'' that he now feels differently about Brown; as it turned out, Brown was not as bad as Biafra thought he would be, and subsequent songs have been written about other politicians deemed worse.<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Ruskin |url=http://www.nardwuar.com/vs/jello_biafra/jello-2002_page-2.html |title=Nardwuar the Human Serviette vs Jello Biafra |publisher=Nardwuar |year=2002 |access-date=April 21, 2009 |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911165621/http://www.nardwuar.com/vs/jello_biafra/jello-2002_page-2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Brown chose not to run for a third term in 1982, and instead [[1982 United States Senate election in California|ran for the United States Senate]], but lost to [[Mayor of San Diego|San Diego mayor]] [[Pete Wilson]]. He was succeeded as governor by [[George Deukmejian]], then state attorney general, on January 3, 1983.

===1980 presidential election===
{{Main|1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries}}
[[File:Jerry Brown, 1980.jpg|thumb|Brown in 1980|upright=1]]
In 1980, Brown challenged Carter for renomination. The press had anticipated his candidacy ever since he won re-election as governor in 1978 over the Republican [[Evelle Younger]] by 1.3 million votes, the largest margin in California history. But Brown had trouble gaining traction in both fundraising and polling for the presidential nomination. This was widely believed to be because of the more prominent candidate Senator [[Ted Kennedy]] of [[Massachusetts]]. Brown's 1980 platform, which he declared to be the natural result of combining [[Buckminster Fuller]]'s visions of the future and [[E. F. Schumacher]]'s theory of "[[Buddhist economics]]", was much expanded from 1976. His "era of limits" slogan was replaced by a promise to, in his words, "Protect the Earth, serve the people, and explore the universe".

Three main planks of his platform were a call for a [[constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]] to ratify the [[Balanced Budget Amendment]]; a promise to increase funds for the [[space program]] as a "first step in bringing us toward a solar-powered space [[space-based solar power|satellite to provide solar energy]] for this planet";<ref>{{cite news|last=Rood|first=W.B.|date=September 26, 1979|title=Brown proposes $2 billion revival of space program|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|page=B9|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/651211032.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411161506/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/651211032.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 11, 2013|quote=He called it the 'first step in bringing us toward a solar-powered space satellite to provide solar energy for this planet.'}}</ref> and, in the wake of the 1979 [[Three Mile Island accident]], opposition to [[nuclear power]]. On the subject of the [[1979 energy crisis]], Brown decried the "[[deal with the Devil|Faustian bargain]]" that he claimed Carter had entered into with the [[oil industry]], and declared that he would greatly increase federal funding of research into [[solar power]]. He endorsed the idea of mandatory non-military [[national service]] for the nation's youth. He suggested that the [[United States Defense Department|Defense Department]] cut back on support troops while beefing up the number of combat troops.

Brown opposed Kennedy's call for [[universal health care|universal]] [[national health insurance]] and opposed Carter's call for an employer mandate to provide catastrophic private health insurance labeling it socialist.<ref name="Brown health plan">{{cite news|last=Kempster|first=Norman|date=November 11, 1979|title=Brown calls opponents' health insurance programs part of a 'medical arms race'|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|page=A4|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/647930002.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI|quote=As an alternative, the governor suggested a program of tax credits as a 'wellness incentive' for people who do not smoke or otherwise damage their own health. He admitted that he had not worked out all of the details of such a plan, but he promised to offer the specifics later. Arguing that most illness is caused by occupational hazards, environmental pollution, and bad habits, Brown said 'Those who abuse their bodies should not abuse the rest of us by taking our tax dollars.'|access-date=July 6, 2017|archive-date=April 11, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411171108/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/647930002.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite news|last=Claffey|first=Charles E.|date=November 11, 1979|title=Brown's health plan outlined at Harvard|newspaper=The Boston Globe|page=1|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994161312.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI|quote=He also would expand such unorthodox medical procedures as acupuncture and midwifery.|access-date=July 6, 2017|archive-date=April 11, 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411161727/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1994161312.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI|url-status=dead}}</ref> As an alternative, he suggested a program of tax credits for those who do not smoke or otherwise damage their health, saying: "Those who abuse their bodies should not abuse the rest of us by taking our tax dollars."<ref name="Brown health plan"/> Brown also called for expanding the use of [[acupuncture]] and [[midwifery]].<ref name="Brown health plan"/>

As Brown's campaign began to attract more members of what some more conservative commentators described as "the fringe", including activists like [[Jane Fonda]], [[Tom Hayden]], and [[Jesse Jackson]], his polling numbers began to suffer. Brown received only 10 percent of the vote in the [[New Hampshire primary]], and he was soon forced to announce that his decision to remain in the race would depend on a good showing in the [[Wisconsin]] primary. Although he had polled well there throughout the primary season, an attempt to film a live speech in [[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]], the state's capital, into a [[special effects]]-filled, 30-minute commercial (produced and directed by [[Francis Ford Coppola]]) was disastrous.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LoQwAAAAIBAJ&pg=3829,2892425&dq=jerry-brown+francis-ford-coppola+commercial |title= Jerry Brown Francis Ford Coppola Comercial|format=Search Result|access-date=November 18, 2010}}</ref>