Editing James Joyce (section)

==Post-university years in Dublin==
[[File:Marjorie Fitzgibbon - Bust of James Joyce (1982) closer.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Bust of Joyce on [[St Stephen's Green]], Dublin, by [[Marjorie Fitzgibbon]]|alt=Jame's Joyce's bust on St. Stephen's Green, Dublin. It says James Joyce 1882–1914.]]
In April 1903, Joyce learned his mother was dying{{efn|Joyce's mother was initially diagnosed with [[cirrhosis of the liver]];{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/108 108]|Ellmann|1982|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/129 129]}} Ellmann says that it became apparent she was actually dying of cancer.{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/129 129]}} This may reflect what Joyce's family came to believe,{{sfn|Costello|1992|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/210 210]}} but Gorman's 1939 biography of Joyce, which was edited by Joyce,{{sfnm|Nadel|1991|1pp = [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26283639?seq=5 90–93]|Witemeyer|1995|2p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473660?seq=8 530]}} states that she died of cirrhosis,{{sfn|Gorman|1939|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/110 110]}} as does her death certificate.{{sfnm|Ellmann|1982|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/760 760, note 26]|Bowker|2012|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/111 111]|Costello|1992|3p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/210 210]}} }} and immediately returned to Ireland.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/106 106]|Costello|1992|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/210 210]}} He would tend to her, reading aloud from drafts that were eventually worked into his unfinished novel ''[[Stephen Hero]]''.{{sfnm|Gabler|2018|1pp=[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8j3xd.4?refreqid=excelsior%3A15d42a5437f519a20f2d52ae5bb70381&seq=1 11–13]|1ps=|Joyce|1966a|2p= [https://archive.org/details/lettersofjamesjo0000joyc/page/383 383]|2ps= : Letter from May Joyce, 1 September 1916}} During her final days, she unsuccessfully tried to get him to make his [[Sacrament of Penance|confession]] and to take [[Eucharist|communion]].{{sfn|Bowker|2012|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/108 108]}}{{efn|Gorman writes: "Mary Jane Joyce was dying in the sanctity of the bosom of her Church{{nbsp}}... and her eldest son could only grieve that the two wills could not meet and mix. He was incapable of bending his knee to the powerful phantom, that once acknowledged, would devour him as it had devoured so many about him and half a civilisation as well."{{sfn|Gorman|1939|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/110 100]}} }} She died on 13 August.{{sfnm|Ellmann|1982|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/136 136]|Gorman|1939|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce00gorm/page/110 110]|Joyce|1958|3p= [https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/234 234] }} Afterwards, Joyce and Stanislaus refused to kneel with other members of the family praying at her bedside.{{sfnm|Joyce|1958|1p= [https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/234 234]|O'Brien|2000|2p = [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri/page/19 19]}} John Joyce's drinking and abusiveness increased in the months following her death, and the family began to fall apart.{{sfnm|Costello|1992|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/212 212]|Ellmann|1982|2pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/143 143–144]|O'Brien|2000|3p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri/page/26 26]}} Joyce spent much of his time carousing with Gogarty and his medical school colleagues,{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/112 112]|Davies|1982|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/112 112]|O'Brien|2000|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri/page/2 7 27–28]}} and tried to scrape together a living by reviewing books.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/113 113]|Ellmann|1982|2pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/138 138–139]}}

Joyce's life began to change when he met [[Nora Barnacle]] on 10 June 1904. She was a twenty-year-old woman from [[Galway city]], who was working in Dublin as a chambermaid.{{sfnm|Maddox|1989|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/23 23–24]|O'Brien|2000|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri/page/36 36]}} They had their first outing together on 16 June 1904,{{efn|Though there is substantial circumstantial evidence supporting that date,{{sfn|Sultan|2000|pp= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26285213?seq=2 28–29]}} there is no direct documentary evidence confirming that Joyce and Nora's walk on the Ringsend actually occurred on this day.{{sfnm|Froula|1990|1pp= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25485215?seq=1 857–859]|Maddox|1989|2p= [https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/27 27]}} }} walking through the Dublin suburb of [[Ringsend]], where Nora masturbated him.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1pp=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/122 122–123]|Davies|1982|2p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/122 122]|Ellmann|1982|3p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/156 156]}} This event was commemorated as the date for the action of ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'', known in popular culture as "[[Bloomsday]]" in honour of the novel's main character [[Leopold Bloom]].{{sfn|O'Brien|2000|pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000obri/page/37 37–38]}} This began a relationship that continued for thirty-seven years until Joyce died.{{sfn|Maddox|1989|p=[https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/n20 xix]}} Soon after this outing, Joyce, who had been out with his colleagues,{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/124 124]|Costello|1992|2pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/230 230–231]}} approached a young woman in [[St Stephen's Green]] and was beaten up by her companion. He was picked up and dusted off by an acquaintance of his father's, Alfred H. Hunter, who took him into his home to tend to his injuries. Hunter, who was rumoured to be a Jew and to have an unfaithful wife, became one of the models for Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of ''Ulysses''.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/124 124]|Davies|1982|2pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/191 191], [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/238 238]|Ellmann|1982|3pp =[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/161 161–162]}}

Joyce was a talented tenor and explored becoming a musical performer.{{sfn|Witen|2018|p = [{{Google books|id=3sxFDwAAQBAJ|pg=PA2|plainurl=yes}} 2]}}{{efn|Composer [[Otto Luening]], who knew Joyce in Trieste, described his voice as being "mellow and pleasant{{nbsp}}... a nice Irish-Italian tenor{{nbsp}}... very good for Italian operas of the 17th and 18th centuries".{{sfn|Martin|Bauerle|1990|pp = [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3831401?seq=10 43–44]}} }} On 8 May 1904, he was a contestant in the ''[[Feis Ceoil]]'',{{sfn|Ruff|1969|p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486770?seq=2 225]}} an Irish [[music competition]] for promising composers, instrumentalists and singers.{{sfnm|Feis Ceoil|n.d.|1loc=|Joyce|1950|2p =[https://books.google.com/books?id=OrzPAAAAMAAJ&q=Ceoil 15]}} In the months before the contest, Joyce took singing lessons with two voice instructors, Benedetto Palmieri and Vincent O'Brien.{{sfn|Hodgart|Bauerle|1997|p=[https://archive.org/details/joycesgrandopero0006hodg/page/46 46]}} He paid the entry fee by pawning some of his books.{{sfn|Joyce|1905b|p =[https://archive.org/details/dublindiary00joyc/page/29 29]}} For the contest, Joyce had to sing three songs. He did well with the first two, but when he was told he had to [[sight read]] the third, he refused.{{sfnm|Dowling|2016|1p=[{{Google books|id=qwagCwAAQBAJ|pg=PA218|plainurl=yes}} 218]|O'Callaghan|2020|2p = [{{Google books|id=egTeDwAAQBAJ|pg=PA86|plainurl=yes}} 86]}} Joyce won the third-place medal anyway.{{efn|The details of what happened immediately after the contest are unclear.{{sfn|Witen|2018|pp = [{{Google books|id=3sxFDwAAQBAJ|pg=PA10|plainurl=yes}} 10–11] }} For example, Oliver Gogarty claims Joyce threw his medal into the Liffey,{{sfn|Gogarty|1948|p =[{{Google books|id=s9-uCwAAQBAJ|pg=PA26|plainurl=yes}} 26]}} but Joyce apparently gave the medal to his Aunt Josephine,{{sfnm|Ellmann|1982|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/152 152]|Hutchins|1950|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyesdublin0000unse/page/88 88]}} and it ended up being bought by the choreographer [[Michael Flatley]] at an auction in 2004.{{sfn|Parsons|2014}} }} After the contest, Palmieri wrote to Joyce that [[Luigi Denza]], the composer of the popular song "{{lang|nap|[[Funiculì, Funiculà]]}}" who was the judge for the contest,{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/152 152]}} spoke highly of his voice and would have given him first place but for the sight-reading and lack of sufficient training.{{sfn|Joyce|1905b|p =[https://archive.org/details/dublindiary00joyc/page/36 37]}} Palmieri offered to give Joyce free singing lessons. Joyce refused the lessons, but kept singing in Dublin concerts that year.{{sfnm|1a1=Hodgart|1a2=Bauerle|1y=1997|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joycesgrandopero0006hodg/page/46 46]|2a1=Ruff|2y=1969|2p = [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25486770?seq=2 225]}} His performance at a concert given on 27 August may have solidified Nora's devotion to him.{{sfnm|1a1=Hodgart|1a2=Bauerle|1y=1997|1p=[https://archive.org/details/joycesgrandopero0006hodg/page/48 48]|2a1=Maddox|2y=1989|2p=[https://archive.org/details/nora00bren/page/39 39]}} Although Joyce did not ultimately pursue a singing career, he would include thousands of musical allusions in his literary works.{{sfn|SMWJJ|n.d.}}

Throughout 1904, Joyce sought to develop his literary reputation. On 7 January he attempted to publish a prose work examining [[aesthetics]] called ''A Portrait of the Artist'',{{sfn|Joyce|1904a}} but it was rejected by the intellectual journal ''Dana''. He then reworked it into a fictional novel of his youth that he called ''Stephen Hero'' that he laboured over for years but eventually abandoned.{{efn|''Stephen Hero'' was published after Joyce's death in 1944.{{sfn|Mamigonian|Turner|2003|p = [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25477965?seq=2 348]}}}} He wrote a satirical poem called "The Holy Office",{{sfn|Joyce|1904b}} which parodied [[W. B. Yeats]]'s poem "To Ireland in the Coming Times"{{sfn|Ellmann|1950|p = [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4333187?seq=14 631]|ps=: (see {{harvnb|Yeats|1892|}}) }}{{efn|Though Joyce parodied Yeats in "Holy Office", he admired two short stories Yeats had written, "Tables of the Law" and "Adoration of the Magi". The former he memorised by heart and references to both were integrated into Joyce's "Stephen Hero".{{sfn|Prescott|1954|p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/27713665?seq=3 216]}} Joyce admired Yeats's 1899 play ''[[The Countess Cathleen]]'' as well, which he translated into Italian in 1911.{{sfn|Ellmann|1967|pp= [https://archive.org/details/yeatsjoyce11ellm/page/448 448–450] }}}} and once more mocked the Irish Literary Revival.{{sfn|Ellmann|1982|p = [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/166 166]}} It too was rejected for publication; this time for being "unholy".{{sfn|Bowker|2012|p = [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/127 127]}} He wrote the collection of poems ''Chamber Music'' at this time;{{sfnm|Costello|1992|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/220 220]|Ellmann|1982|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/149 149]}} which was also rejected.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/115 115]|Davies|1982|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/118 118]}}{{efn|The title ''Chamber Music'' had been suggested by Stanislaus,{{sfnm|Ellmann|1982|1p = [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/154 154]|Joyce|1958|p= [https://archive.org/details/mybrotherskeeper00joyc/page/175 175]}} but Joyce accepted it as a [[double entendre]], implying both the sound of [[chamber music]] and the sound of urine falling in a [[chamber pot]].{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/113 113]|Davies|1982|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/118 118]}} }} He did publish three poems, one in ''Dana''{{sfn|Costello|1992|p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/228 228]}} and two in ''[[The Speaker (periodical)|The Speaker]]'',{{sfn|Bowker|2012|p=[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/126 126]}} and [[George William Russell]]{{efn|According to Stanislaus, Russell and Joyce became acquainted through a common interest in [[theosophy]], which he briefly explored after his mother's death.{{sfn|Joyce|1941|p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3847704?&seq=9 493]}} Joyce's knowledge of theosophy appears in his later writing, particularly ''Finnegans Wake''.{{sfnm|Carver|1978|1p= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25476132?&seq=1 201]|Platt|2008|2pp= [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30244358?seq=1 281–282]}} }} published three of Joyce's short stories in the [[Irish Homestead]]. These stories—"The Sisters", "Eveline", and "After the Race"—were the beginnings of ''[[Dubliners]]''.{{sfnm|Costello|1992|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/127 127]|Davies|1982|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/118 118]}}

In September 1904, Joyce was having difficulties finding a place to live and moved into a [[Martello tower]] near Dublin, which Gogarty was renting.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/126 126]|Costello|1992|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/229 229–230]}}
Within a week, Joyce left when Gogarty and another housemate, Dermot Chenevix Trench, fired a pistol in the middle of the night at some pans hanging directly over Joyce's bed.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/130 130]|Davies|1982|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceportra1982davi/page/131 131]|Ellmann|1982|3p =[https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/175 175]}} With the help of funds from [[Lady Gregory]] and a few other acquaintances, Joyce and Nora left Ireland less than a month later.{{sfnm|Bowker|2012|1pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoycenewbio0000bowk/page/130 130–132]|Costello|1992|2p= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyceyearso0000cost_l4b7/page/232 232]|Ellmann|1982|3pp= [https://archive.org/details/jamesjoyce0000ellm_n2o5/page/178 178–179]}}