Editing James Francis Edward Stuart (section)

===Early attempts===
Though delayed in France by an attack of [[measles]],{{cn|date=September 2021}} James [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1708)|attempted invasion]], trying to land at the [[Firth of Forth]] on 23 March 1708. The fleet of Admiral Sir [[George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington|George Byng]] intercepted the French ships, which, combined with bad weather,{{cn|date=September 2021}} prevented a landing.<ref name=Nottingham>{{cite web |title='James Francis Edward Stuart, styled James VIII and III', The University of Nottingham |url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/learning/biographies/jamesfrancisedwardstuart(1688-1766).aspx |url-status=live |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081431/https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/learning/biographies/jamesfrancisedwardstuart(1688-1766).aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

James served for a time as a volunteer in the French army, as his father had done during the interregnum.<ref name=quincy197>According to the [[Charles Sevin de Quincy|marquis de Quincy]] James rode with the ''[[Maison du Roi]]'' in the [[Battle of Malplaquet]], using the pseudonym Chevalier de St. George. {{cite book|author=Quincy, Charles Sevin, marquis de|title=Histoire Militaire du Règne de Louis-le-Grand, Roi de France. Huit tômes|url=https://cour-de-france.fr/histoire-et-fonction/histoire-et-fonctionnement/politique-et-religion/ouvrages-avant-1800/article/histoire-militaire-du-regne-de-louis-le-grand-roy-de-france?lang=fr|year=1726|place=Paris|volume=6|publisher=Denis Mariette|language=fr|access-date=13 July 2023|pages=197, 202}}</ref> Between August and September 1710, Queen Anne appointed a new [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] administration led by [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford|Robert Harley]], who entered into a secret correspondence with [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy|de Torcy]], the [[Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)|French Minister of Foreign Affairs]], in which he claimed to desire James's accession to the throne should James convert to Protestantism.<ref name="ODNB" /> A year later, however, the British government pushed for James's expulsion from France as a precondition for a peace treaty with France. In accordance with the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] (1713), Harley and [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke|Lord Bolingbroke]], the Secretary of State, colluded with the French in exiling James to the [[Duchy of Lorraine]].<ref name="ODNB" />

Queen Anne became severely ill at Christmas 1713 and seemed close to death. In January 1714, she recovered but clearly had little time to live.<ref>{{cite book |last=Massie |first=Allan |title=The Royal Stuarts |date=2010 |publisher=Random House |chapter=Chapter 16 |isbn=9781845950903}}{{page number|date=September 2021}}</ref>{{page number|date=September 2021}} Through de Torcy and his London agent, Abbé François Gaultier, Harley maintained the correspondence with James and Bolingbroke entered into a separate correspondence with him. They both stated to James that his conversion to Protestantism would facilitate his accession. However, James, a devout Catholic, replied to Torcy: "I have chosen my own course, therefore it is for others to change their sentiments."<ref name="ODNB" /> In March came James's refusal to convert, following which Harley and Bolingbroke reached the opinion that James's accession was not feasible, though they maintained their correspondence with him.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

As a result, in August 1714, James's second cousin,{{cn|date=September 2021}} the [[Elector of Hanover]], [[George I of Great Britain|George Louis]], a German-speaking Lutheran{{cn|date=September 2021}} who was the closest Protestant relative of the now-deceased Queen Anne, became king of the recently created [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] as George I.<ref name=Nottingham/> James denounced him, noting "we have beheld a foreign family, aliens to our country, distant in blood, and strangers even to our language, ascend the throne".<ref>Simms, Brendan. ''Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714–1783''. Penguin, 2008. {{ISBN?}} {{page number|date=September 2021}}</ref>{{page number|date=September 2021}} Following George's coronation in October 1714, [[Coronation riots|major riots]] broke out in provincial England.<ref>Paul Kleber Monod. ''Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788''. Cambridge University Press, 1993. p. 173 {{ISBN?}}</ref>