Editing Jahangir (section)

== Reign ==
[[File:8 Abu'l Hasan. Celebrations at the accession of Jahangir. Jahangirnama. St. Petersburg Album. ca. 1615-18, Institute of Oriental Studies, St. Petersburg..jpg|thumb|Celebrations at the accession of Jahangir in 1600, when [[Akbar]] was away from the capital on an expedition, Salim organised a coup and declared himself emperor. Akbar had to hastily return to [[Agra]] and restore order.|upright]]
[[File:سکه_جهانگیرشاه_هند.jpg|thumb|Commemorative Coin of Jahangir for 6th year of rule; with [[Lion and Sun]] symbol and Legends in [[Persian language|Persian]]. 1611]]

He succeeded the throne on Thursday, 3 November 1605, eight days after his father's death. Salim ascended the throne with the imperial grand title of Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir Badshah Ghazi and thus began his 22-year reign at the age of 36.

Soon after, Jahangir had to fend off his son [[Khusrau Mirza]] when he attempted to claim the throne based on Akbar's will. Khusrau Mirza was defeated in the year 1606 with the support of the [[Barha dynasty|Barha]] and Bukhari [[sayyid|sāda]] and confined in the fort of [[Agra]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Tg-AAAAMAAJ&q=indian+afghans+barha |title=History of the Afghans in India, A.D. 1545-1631 |date=4 October 1961 |publisher=Pakistan Publishing House |page=261 |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103034411/https://books.google.com/books?id=1Tg-AAAAMAAJ&q=indian+afghans+barha |archive-date=3 November 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jahangir was found to be more militarily capable, and he crushed the rebellion in a week. Jahangir had all the young aristocrat supporters of Khusrau tortured, impaled and made him watch them in agony as a warning.<ref name=":2" /> After a rebellion the second time, as punishment, Khusrau Mirza was handed over to his younger brother and was partially blinded. 

From the time of his marriage with Mehr-un-Nissa, later known as Empress [[Nur Jahan]], Jahangir left the reins of government in her hands and appointed her family and relatives to high positions. Nur Jahan had complete freedom of speech near Jahangir without any reprimand. On the contrary, she could nag and fight with him on the smallest issue. Thus, her unprecedented freedom of action to control the state caused the displeasure of both his courtiers and foreigners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Internationalization of Portuguese Historiography |url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue6/html/flores_main.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514034521/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue6/html/flores_main.html |archive-date=14 May 2017 |access-date=23 October 2017 |website=brown.edu}}</ref>

In 1608, Jahangir posted [[Islam Khan I]] to subdue the rebel [[Musa Khan (Bengal Ruler)|Musa Khan]], the Masnad-e-Ala<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IDBdEAAAQBAJ&dq=isa+khan+dynasty+bengal&pg=PA12 |title= Bangladesh and Pakistan Flirting with Failure in South Asia |date= 2022 |author= Pawan singh |publisher= Gaurav Book Center |page= 21 |access-date= 19 March 2023 |archive-date= 4 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230404123156/https://books.google.com/books?id=IDBdEAAAQBAJ&dq=isa+khan+dynasty+bengal&pg=PA12 }}</ref> of the [[Baro-Bhuyan|Baro-Bhuyan confederacy]] in [[Bengal]],<ref name="bpedia">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Musa Khan|author=Muazzam Hussain Khan}}</ref> who was able to imprison him.<ref>{{cite book|page=12|title=400 years of Dhaka|first=M A Hannan|last=Feroz|publisher=Ittyadi|year=2009}}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |page=165}}</ref> 

[[File:Silver Rupee of Jahangir, Ahmednagar Mint.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee of Mughal emperor Jahangir, Ahmednagar Mint.]]
In 1613, Jahangir issued a sanguinary order for the extirpation of the race of the [[Koli people|Kolis]] who were notorious robbers and plunders living in the most inaccessible parts of the province of [[Gujarat]]. A large number of the Koli chiefs were slaughtered and the rest hunted to their mountains and deserts. 169 heads of such Koli chiefs killed in battle by Nur-ul-llah Ibrahim, commander of 'Bollodo'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanif |first=N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXH4RHYwkEsC |title=Islamic Concept of Crime and Justice: Political justice and crime |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-7625-063-4 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=73–74 |language=en |access-date=10 October 2022 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128111814/https://books.google.com/books?id=CXH4RHYwkEsC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Herbert |first=Sir Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=46NMAQAAMAAJ |title=Sir Thomas Herbert, Bart: Travels in Africa, Persia, and Asia the Great: Some Years Travels Into Africa and Asia the Great, Especially Describing the Famous Empires of Persia and Hindustan, as Also Divers Other Kingdoms in the Oriental Indies, 1627-30, the 1677 Version |publisher=ACMRS (Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies) |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-86698-475-1 |location=New Delhi, India |page=180 |language=en}}</ref> In the same year later,<ref>{{cite book |author=Sekhara Bandyopadhyaya |year=2004 |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India |publisher=Orient Blackswan |page=37 |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2}}</ref> the Portuguese seized the Mughal ship [[Rahīmī|''Rahimi'']], which had set out from Surat on its way with a large cargo of 100,000 rupees and Pilgrims, who were on their way to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] to attend the annual [[Hajj]]. The ''Rahimi'' was owned by [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], mother of Jahangir and Akbar's favourite consort.<ref name="farishta" /> She was bestowed the title of 'Mallika-e-Hindustan' (Queen of [[Hindustan]]) by Akbar and was subsequently referred to as same during Jahangir's reign. The ''Rahimi'' was the largest Indian ship sailing in the [[Red Sea]] and was known to the Europeans as the "great pilgrimage ship". When the Portuguese officially refused to return the ship and the passengers, the outcry at the Mughal court was unusually severe. The outrage was compounded by the fact that the owner and the patron of the ship was none other than the revered mother of the current emperor. Jahangir himself was outraged and ordered the seizure of the Portuguese town [[Daman, India|Daman]]. He ordered the apprehension of all Portuguese within the Mughal Empire; he further confiscated churches that belonged to the [[Jesuit]]s. This episode is considered to be an example of the struggle for wealth that would later ensue and lead to colonisation of the Indian sub-continent. Jahangir then gathered his forces under the command of Ali Kuli Khan and fought Raja Lakshmi Narayan Bhup of the Kingdom of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] in the far eastern province of [[Bengal]]. Raja Lakshmi Narayan then accepted the Mughals as his suzerains and was given the title ''Nazir'', later establishing a garrison at Atharokotha. Jahangir was responsible for ending a century-long struggle with the [[Sisodia dynasty|Sisodia]] [[Rajput]] house of [[Mewar]]. The campaign against them was pushed so extensively that they were made to submit with great loss of life and property.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In 1614, The [[East India Company]] persuaded [[James VI and I|King James I]] to send a British ambassador to the Mughal court, [[Thomas Roe]]. Thomas Roe describes how petitioners could use the chain of justice to attract the emperor's attention if his decision was not to their satisfaction during [[Darshan (Indian religions)|Darshana]]. The Darshana tradition was adopted by the Mughal Emperors from Hindu religio-political rituals.<ref name="Jahangir chain of Justice">{{Cite web |title=Emperor Jahangir at the Jharoka window, AKM136, The Aga Khan Museum |url=http://agakhanmuseum.org/collection/artifact/jahangir-jharoka-window-agra-fort-folio-jahangirnameh-memoirs-jahangir-akm136 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331161705/https://agakhanmuseum.org/collection/artifact/jahangir-jharoka-window-agra-fort-folio-jahangirnameh-memoirs-jahangir-akm136 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=Aga Khan Museum |language=en}}</ref> As a royal envoy to the Agra court of Jahangir.<ref name="Anarchy">{{cite book |last1=Dalrymple |first1=Willian |title=The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4088-6437-1 |edition=1 |location=London |pages=15–19}}</ref> Roe resided at Agra for three years, until 1619.  At the Mughal court, Roe allegedly became a favourite of Jahangir and may have been his drinking partner; he arrived with gifts of "many crates of red wine"<ref name="Anarchy" />{{rp|16}} and explained to him what beer was and how it was made.<ref name="Anarchy" />{{rp|17}} The immediate result of the mission was to obtain permission and protection for an East India Company [[factory (trading post)|factory]] at [[Surat]]. While no major trading privileges were conceded by Jahangir, "Roe's mission was the beginning of a Mughal-Company relationship that would develop into something approaching a partnership and see the "EIC" gradually drawn into the Mughal nexus".<ref name="Anarchy" />{{rp|19}} While Roe's detailed journals<ref name="Roe">{{cite book |last1=Roe |first1=Sir Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog |title=The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mughal |date=1899 |publisher=Humphrey Milford |editor1-last=Foster |editor1-first=W |edition=Rev. 1926 |location=London}}</ref> are a valuable source of information on Jahangir's reign, the Emperor did not return the favour, with no mention of Roe in his voluminous diaries.<ref name="Anarchy" />{{rp|19}}

[[File:Jahangir - Abu al-Hasan.jpeg|thumb|Jahangir by [[Abu'l-Hasan (artist)|Abu al-Hasan]] c.1617]]

In 1615, Jahangir  captured [[Kangra Fort]], whose Katoch rulers came under Mughal vassalship during the reign of [[Akbar]]. Consequently, a siege was laid and the fort was taken in 1620, which "resulted in the submission of the Raja of [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] who was the greatest of all the rajas in the region." The district of [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], in the vast province of [[Kashmir]], was also conquered the same year.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In October 1616, Jahangir sent Prince Khurram to fight against the combined forces of three rebel kingdoms of  [[Ahmednagar]], [[Bijapur]] and [[Golconda]].<ref name="Lal (2018) p126">{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ruby |title=Empress - The astonishing reign of Nur Jahan |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-393-23934-8 |edition=1st |location=United States of America |pages=126, 191}}</ref> Jahangir considered his third son, Khurram (regnal name [[Shah Jahan]]) as his favourite son. 

In 1621 of February, However, when Nur Jahan married her daughter, [[Mihr-un-nissa Begum]], to Jahangir's youngest son, [[Shahryar Mirza]], Khurram suspected that his stepmother was trying to maneuver Shahryar as the successor to Jahangir. Using the rugged terrain of Deccan to his advantage, Khurram launched a rebellion against Jahangir in 1622. This precipitated a political crisis in Jahangir's court. Khurram murdered his blind older brother, Khusrau Mirza, to smooth his path to the throne.<ref name="Findly1993">{{cite book |author=Ellison Banks Findly |url={{Google books|ugxFjVDk3I8C|page=PA171|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8 |pages=170–172}}</ref> Simultaneously, the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid emperor]] [[Abbas the Great]] attacked [[Kandahar]] in the winter of 1622. Since it was both a commercial center at the border of the Mughal Empire and the burial place of [[Babur]], the founder of the Mughal Empire, Jahangir dispatched Prince Shahryar to repel the Safavids. However, due to Shahryar's inexperience and harsh Afghan winter, [[Mughal–Safavid War (1622–1623)|Kandahar fell to the Safavids]].

[[File:Shah ʿAbbas I receiving Khan ʿÁlam, ambassador from Jahángír in 1617.jpg|thumb|Shah Abbas I receiving Khan Alam, ambassador from Jahangir in 1617]]

In 1623, Emperor Jahangir sent his ''[[tehsildar]]'', Khan Alam, to Safavid [[Persia]], accompanied by 800 sepoys, scribes and scholars, along with ten [[howdah]]s well decorated in gold and silver, to negotiate peace with Emperor Abbas after a brief conflict in the region around Kandahar.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Khan Alam soon returned with valuable gifts and groups of [[master of the hunt (disambiguation)|masters of the hunt]] ({{langx|fa|میر شکار|mir shikār}}) from both Safavid Iran and the [[Khanate]]s of Central Asia.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} On March, Jahangir ordered [[Mahabat Khan]], one of Jahangir's most loyal high generals, to crush Khurram's rebellion in the [[Deccan]]. After a series of victories by Mahabat Khan over Khurram, the civil war finally ended in October 1625.<ref name="Lal (2018) p126" /><ref name="Brit" />

In 1626, Jahangir began to contemplate an alliance between the [[Ottoman Empire]], the Mughals, and the [[Khanate of Bukhara]] of the [[Uzbeks]] against the Safavids, who had defeated the Mughals at [[Kandahar]].<ref name="Mughal-Ottoman Relations A Study of Political & Diplomatic Relations Between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748; Naimur Rahman Farooqi">{{cite book |author1=Naimur Rahman Farooqi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB1uAAAAMAAJ |title=Mughal-Ottoman Relations A Study of Political & Diplomatic Relations Between Mughal India and the Ottoman Empire, 1556-1748 |date=1989 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |page=38 |language=En |access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref> He even wrote a letter to the Ottoman [[Sultan]], [[Murad IV]]. Jahangir's ambition did not materialise due to his death in 1627.