Editing Jacques Cartier (section)

==Second voyage (1535–1536)==

Jacques Cartier set sail for a second voyage on May 19 of the following year with three ships, 110 men, and his two Iroquoian captives. Reaching the St. Lawrence, he sailed upriver for the first time, and reached the Iroquoian capital of [[Stadacona]], where Chief [[Donnacona]] ruled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stadacona |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/stadacona |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |language=en}}</ref> Cartier claimed a land near St. Lawrence River in 1534; but France paid little attention to the colony for 60 years. Not until King [[Henry IV of France|Henry]] IV sent [[Samuel de Champlain]] in 1608 to New France as its governor and built a permanent settlement and a fur-trading post called [[Quebec]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Denham et al., Leonard, McTighe, Shanahan |first=James, M.C. Bob, Jay, Timothy |title=United States Early Years |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-02-138478-5 |pages=94 }}</ref>

[[File:Cartier Second Voyage Map 1.png|thumb|left|upright=1.8|Route of Cartier's second voyage.]]

Cartier left his main ships in a harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest ship to continue on to [[Hochelaga (village)|Hochelaga]] (now Montreal), arriving on October 2, 1535. Hochelaga was far more impressive than the small and squalid village of Stadacona, and a crowd of over a thousand came to the river's edge to greet the Frenchmen. The site of their arrival has been confidently identified as the beginning of the Sainte-Marie Sault – where the [[Jacques Cartier Bridge|bridge named after him]] now stands. The expedition could proceed no further, as the river was blocked by rapids. So certain was Cartier that the river was the [[Northwest Passage]], and that the rapids were all that was preventing him from sailing to China, that the rapids and the town that eventually grew near them came to be named after the French word for China, ''La Chine'': the [[Lachine Rapids]] and the town of [[Lachine, Quebec]].<ref name="Chronicals of America"/>

After spending two days among the people of Hochelaga, Cartier returned to Stadacona on October 11. It is not known exactly when he decided to spend the winter of 1535–1536 in Stadacona, and it was by then too late to return to France. Cartier and his men prepared for the winter by strengthening their fort, stacking firewood, and [[salting (food)|salting down]] [[Salt-cured meat|game]] [[saltfish|and fish]].

[[File:Carte espagnole fleuve Saint Laurent.jpg|thumb|This Spanish chart of the [[Saint Lawrence River]], from {{Circa|1541}}, contains a legend in front of the "isla de Orliens" that says: "Here many French died of hunger"; possibly alluding to Cartier's second settlement in 1535–1536.<ref>[http://bibliotecadigital.rah.es/dgbrah/i18n/consulta/registro.cmd?id=12987 Carta del curso del río de San Lorenzo desde su desembocadura hasta el lago de Golesme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708163653/http://bibliotecadigital.rah.es/dgbrah/i18n/consulta/registro.cmd?id=12987 |date=July 8, 2012 }}. Bibliotecadigital.rah.es</ref>]]

From mid-November 1535 to mid-April 1536, the French fleet lay frozen solid at the mouth of the [[Saint-Charles River (Quebec City)|St. Charles River]], under the Rock of Quebec. Ice was over a [[fathom]] (1.8 m) thick on the river, with snow four feet (1.2 m) deep ashore. To add to the misery, [[scurvy]] broke out – first among the Iroquoians, and then among the French. Cartier estimated the number of dead Iroquoians at 50. On a visit by Domagaya to the French fort, Cartier inquired and learned from him that a concoction made from a tree known as [[aneda|annedda]], probably [[Spruce beer]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/54/beerincanada.shtml |title=To Brew or Not to Brew: A Brief History of Beer in Canada |last=Ebberts |first=Derek |date=9 March 2015 |website=Manitoba Historical Society |access-date=28 January 2017 |quote=Jacques Cartier and his crew could well have died from scurvy had they not been shown how to make this brew}}</ref> or ''[[Thuja occidentalis|arbor vitae]]'', would cure scurvy. This remedy likely saved the expedition from destruction, allowing 85 Frenchmen to survive the winter. In his journal, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out of 110 that we were, not ten were well enough to help the others, a pitiful thing to see". The Frenchmen used up the bark of an entire tree in a week on the cure, and the dramatic results prompted Cartier to proclaim it a Godsend, and a miracle.<ref name="Chronicals of America">{{cite web |url=http://www.chroniclesofamerica.com/french/jacques_cartier_voyages.htm |title=Jacques Cartier's Voyages |publisher=Chronicles of America |year=2010 |access-date=October 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.win.tue.nl/c. |title=Jacques Cartier |publisher=Eindhoven University |year=2010 |access-date=October 2, 2010 }}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Biggar>Biggar, H.P. (1924) ''The Voyages of Jacques Cartier''. Ottawa: Publications of the Public Archives of Canada. No. 11. p. 204</ref>

Ready to return to France in early May 1536, Cartier decided to kidnap Chief Donnacona and take him to France,<ref>{{cite book|first1=Richard|last1=Hildreth|author-link=Richard Hildreth|title= The History of the United States of America|volume=1|url=https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst25hildgoog|year=1871|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst25hildgoog/page/n54 46]|publisher=New York, Harper & Brothers}}</ref> so that he might personally tell the tale of a country further north, called the "[[Kingdom of Saguenay]]", said to be full of gold, rubies and other treasures. After an arduous trip down the St. Lawrence and a three-week Atlantic crossing, Cartier and his men arrived in Saint-Malo on July 15, 1536, concluding the second, 14-month voyage, which was to be Cartier's most profitable.<ref name=Biggar/>