Editing Insulin resistance (section)

===Lifestyle factors===
Dietary factors are likely to contribute to insulin resistance. However, causative foods are difficult to determine given the limitations of nutrition research. Foods that have independently been linked to insulin resistance include those high in sugar with high [[Glycemic index|glycemic indices]], low in omega-3 and fiber, and which are [[hyperpalatable]] which increases risk of overeating.<ref name="fast_food">{{cite journal | vauthors = Isganaitis E, Lustig RH | title = Fast food, central nervous system insulin resistance, and obesity | journal = Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology | volume = 25 | issue = 12 | pages = 2451–62 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16166564 | doi = 10.1161/01.ATV.0000186208.06964.91 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Overconsumption of fat- and sugar-rich meals and beverages have been proposed as a fundamental factor behind the [[metabolic syndrome]] epidemic.

Diet also has the potential to change the ratio of polyunsaturated to [[saturated fats|saturated]] phospholipids in cell membranes. The percentage of [[polyunsaturated fatty acids]] (PUFAs) is inversely correlated with insulin resistance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Haugaard SB, Madsbad S, Høy CE, Vaag A | title = Dietary intervention increases n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in skeletal muscle membrane phospholipids of obese subjects. Implications for insulin sensitivity | journal = Clinical Endocrinology | volume = 64 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–78 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16430716 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02444.x | s2cid = 22878943 }}</ref> It is hypothesized that increasing cell membrane fluidity by increasing PUFA concentration might result in an enhanced number of insulin receptors, an increased affinity of insulin to its receptors, and reduced insulin resistance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Russo GL | title = Dietary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: from biochemistry to clinical implications in cardiovascular prevention | journal = Biochemical Pharmacology | volume = 77 | issue = 6 | pages = 937–46 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19022225 | doi = 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.020 }}</ref>

[[Vitamin D]] deficiency has also been associated with insulin resistance.<ref name=Chiu_2004>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF | title = Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 79 | issue = 5 | pages = 820–5 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15113720 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/79.5.820 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Sedentary lifestyle increases the likelihood of development of insulin resistance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ivy JL | title = Role of exercise training in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus | journal = Sports Medicine | volume = 24 | issue = 5 | pages = 321–36 | date = November 1997 | pmid = 9368278 | doi = 10.2165/00007256-199724050-00004 | s2cid = 29053249 | place = Auckland, NZ }}</ref> In [[Epidemiology|epidemiological]] studies, higher levels of physical activity (more than 90 minutes per day) reduce the risk of diabetes by 28%.<ref name="pmid27510511">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kyu HH, Bachman VF, Alexander LT, Mumford JE, Afshin A, Estep K, Veerman JL, Delwiche K, Iannarone ML, Moyer ML, Cercy K, Vos T, Murray CJ, Forouzanfar MH | title = Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = BMJ | volume = 354 | issue = | pages = i3857 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27510511 | pmc = 4979358 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.i3857 }}</ref>

Studies have consistently shown that there is a link between insulin resistance and [[circadian rhythm]], with insulin sensitivity being higher in the morning and lower in the evening. A mismatch between the [[circadian rhythm]] and the meals schedule, such as in [[circadian rhythm disorder]]s, may increase insulin resistance.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Stenvers DJ, Scheer FA, Schrauwen P, la Fleur SE, Kalsbeek A | title = Circadian clocks and insulin resistance | journal = Nature Reviews. Endocrinology | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 75–89 | date = February 2019 | pmid = 30531917 | doi = 10.1038/s41574-018-0122-1 | hdl = 20.500.11755/fdb8d77a-70e3-4ab7-a041-20b2303b418b | s2cid = 54449238 | url = https://pure.knaw.nl/ws/files/9742503/stenvers2019.pdf }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Reutrakul S, Van Cauter E | title = Sleep influences on obesity, insulin resistance, and risk of type 2 diabetes | journal = Metabolism | volume = 84 | pages = 56–66 | date = July 2018 | pmid = 29510179 | doi = 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.02.010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Mesarwi O, Polak J, Jun J, Polotsky VY | title = Sleep disorders and the development of insulin resistance and obesity | journal = Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 617–34 | date = September 2013 | pmid = 24011890 | pmc = 3767932 | doi = 10.1016/j.ecl.2013.05.001 }}
* {{lay source |template=cite web|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180823214749/http://advancedcardiosleep.com/blog/2673329-3-sleep-disorders-and-their-relationship-to-insulin-resistance/|title= 3 Sleep disorders and their relationship to insulin resistance|date= April 11, 2011 |website = Advanced Cardiovascular Sleep Disorder Center }}</ref>

Insufficient sleep has been shown to cause insulin resistance, and also increases the risk of developing metabolic diseases such as [[type 2 diabetes]] and obesity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sondrup |first1=Nina |last2=Termannsen |first2=Anne-Ditte |last3=Eriksen |first3=Jane N. |last4=Hjorth |first4=Mads F. |last5=Færch |first5=Kristine |last6=Klingenberg |first6=Lars |last7=Quist |first7=Jonas S. |date=2022-04-01 |title=Effects of sleep manipulation on markers of insulin sensitivity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=62 |pages=101594 |doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101594 |pmid=35189549 |issn=1087-0792|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Trisha |last2=Ahmed |first2=Tarig H |last3=Mohamed |first3=Nusyba |last4=Elhaj |first4=Mohamed S |last5=Mohammed |first5=Zahir |last6=Paulsingh |first6=Christian N |last7=Mohamed |first7=Mohamed B |last8=Khan |first8=Safeera |title=Does Insufficient Sleep Increase the Risk of Developing Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review |journal=Cureus |date=2022 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=e23501 |doi=10.7759/cureus.23501 |doi-access=free |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=9036496 |pmid=35494895}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schmid |first1=Sebastian M |last2=Hallschmid |first2=Manfred |last3=Schultes |first3=Bernd |date=January 2015 |title=The metabolic burden of sleep loss |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70012-9 |journal=The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=52–62 |doi=10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70012-9 |pmid=24731536 |issn=2213-8587}}</ref>