Editing Inigo Jones (section)

==Architecture==
[[File:Queens House.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|The [[Queen's House]] at [[Greenwich]], facing the [[River Thames]]]]
In September 1615, Jones was appointed Surveyor-General of the King's Works, marking the beginning of Jones's career in earnest. Fortunately, both James I and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] spent lavishly on their buildings, contrasting hugely with the economical court of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]. As the King's Surveyor, Jones built some of his key buildings in London. In 1616, work began on the [[Queen's House]], Greenwich, for James I's wife, [[Anne of Denmark|Anne]]. With the foundations laid and the first storey built, work stopped suddenly when Anne died in 1619.<ref>[[Jemma Field]], ''Anna of Denmark: The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts'' (Manchester, 2020), pp. 67–8.</ref> Jones provided a design for the queen's funeral hearse or catafalque, but it was not implemented.<ref>Clare McManus, ''Women on the Renaissance stage'' (Manchester, 2002), pp. 205–8.</ref> Work at Greenwich resumed in 1629, this time for Charles I's Queen, [[Henrietta Maria of France|Henrietta Maria]]. It was finished in 1635 as the first strictly classical building in England, employing ideas found in the architecture of Palladio and ancient Rome.<ref name="Harris2005">{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Ann Sutherland |title=Seventeenth-century Art and Architecture |date=2005 |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |isbn=9781856694155 |page=396 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd0CuzsPYJcC&pg=PA396 |access-date=17 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> This is Jones's earliest-surviving work.

[[File:Banqueting House 801.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Interior of the [[Banqueting House]] in [[Whitehall]], with its ceiling painted by [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]]]]
Between 1619 and 1622, the [[Banqueting House]] in the [[Palace of Whitehall]] was built, a design derived from buildings by [[Scamozzi]] and [[Palladio]], to which a ceiling painted by [[Peter Paul Rubens]] was added several years later. The Whitehall palace was one of several projects where Jones worked with his personal assistant and nephew by marriage [[John Webb (architect)|John Webb]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Howarth |first1=David |title=Images of Rule: Art and Politics in the English Renaissance, 1485–1649 |date=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520209916 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QTGR7PGPc4C&pg=PA47 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Queen's Chapel]], [[St. James's Palace]], was built between 1623 and 1627, initially for Charles I's proposed bride, the Roman Catholic [[Infanta Maria Anna of Spain]], and then for Charles I's wife, Henrietta Maria of France.<ref>{{cite web |title=Queen's Chapel |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1273605 |website=National Heritage List for England |publisher=Historic England |access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> Parts of the design originate in the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] of ancient Rome and Jones evidently intended the church to evoke the Roman temple. These buildings show the realization of a mature architect with a confident grasp of classical principles and an intellectual understanding of how to implement them.

[[File:West Front of St Paul's, Covent Garden, by Edward Rooker after Paul Sandby, 1766 - gac 06359.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Church [[St Paul's, Covent Garden]], 1766]]
The other project in which Jones was involved is the design of [[Covent Garden]] Square. He was commissioned by [[Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford|the Earl of Bedford]] to build a residential square, which he did along the lines of the Italian piazza of [[Livorno]].<ref name=4th>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=362|title=Survey of London: volume 36 – Covent Garden|publisher=british-history.ac.uk|access-date=27 July 2010}}</ref> It is the first regularly planned square in London. The Earl felt obliged to provide a church and he warned Jones that he wanted to economise. He told him to simply erect a "barn" and Jones's oft-quoted response was that his lordship would have "the finest barn in Europe". In the design of St Paul's, Jones faithfully adhered to [[Vitruvius]]'s design for a Tuscan temple and it was the first wholly and authentically classical church built in England. The inside of [[St Paul's, Covent Garden]] was gutted by fire in 1795, but externally it remains much as Jones designed it and dominates the west side of the piazza.<ref name="Summerson1993">{{cite book |last1=Summers on |first1=John |last2=Sir |first2=John Newnham Summer son |title=Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830 |date=1993 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300058864 |pages=124–126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7FoFUkbJ_gC&q=Architecture%20in%20Britain%2C%201530%20to%201830&pg=PA124 |language=en}}</ref>

Jones also designed the square of [[Lincoln's Inn Fields]], and a house in the square, the Lindsey House built in 1640, is often attributed to Jones.<ref>{{cite book |title=London: The Unique City |author=Steen Eiler Rasmussen |edition=Revised |publisher=MIT Press |year=1988 |page=[https://archive.org/details/londonuniquecity00rasm/page/86 86] |isbn=978-0262680271 |url=https://archive.org/details/londonuniquecity00rasm/page/86 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/londonarchitectu0000sutc |url-access=registration |title = London: An Architectural History|author= Anthony Sutcliffe |page=[https://archive.org/details/londonarchitectu0000sutc/page/81 81] |publisher= Yale University Press |date=12 May 2006|isbn= 978-0300110067 }}</ref> Its design of a rusticated ground floor with giant [[pilaster]]s above supporting the [[entablature]] and [[balustrade]] served as a model for other town houses in London such as [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]]'s [[Regent's Park]] terraces, as well as in other English and Welsh towns such as [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]]'s [[Royal Crescent]].<ref>{{cite book |title=An outline of European architecture |author=Nikolaus Pevsner |author-link=Nikolaus Pevsner |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1970 |page=[https://archive.org/details/outlineofeuropea00pevs/page/310 310] |isbn=978-0140201093 |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofeuropea00pevs/page/310 }}</ref>

Another large project Jones undertook was the repair and remodelling of [[St Paul's Cathedral]]. Between the years of 1634 and 1642, Jones wrestled with the dilapidated Gothicism of Old St Paul's, casing it in classical masonry and totally redesigning the west front. Jones incorporated the giant scrolls from [[Vignola]] and [[della Porta]]'s [[Church of the Gesù]] with a giant Corinthian portico, the largest of its type north of the Alps, but the church would be destroyed in the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1666. Also around this time, circa 1638, Jones devised drawings completely redesigning the [[Palace of Whitehall]], but the execution of these designs was frustrated by Charles I's financial and political difficulties.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Nigel R. |title=Architecture of England, Scotland, and Wales |date=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313318504 |pages=11–12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epsFOeV1mCMC&q=%22inigo%20jones%22%20roman%20architecture&pg=PA11 |language=en}}</ref>

More than 1000 buildings have been attributed to Jones but only a very small number of those are certain to be his work. According to architecture historian [[John Summerson]], the modern concept of an architect's artistic responsibility for a building did not exist at that time, and Jones's role in many instances may be that of a civil servant in getting things done rather than as an architect. Jones's contribution to a building may also simply be verbal instructions to a mason or bricklayer and providing an Italian engraving or two as a guide, or the correction of drafts.<ref>{{cite book |title=Georgian London |author= John Summerson |edition=1978 Revised |year=1945|publisher=Penguin Books |page=34 }}</ref> In the 1630s, Jones was in high demand and, as Surveyor to the King, his services were only available to a very limited circle of people, so often projects were commissioned to other members of the Works. [[Stoke Park Pavilions|Stoke Bruerne Park]] in Northamptonshire was built by Sir [[Francis Crane]], "receiving the assistance of Inigo Jones", between 1629 and 1635. Jones is also thought to have been involved in another country house, this time in [[Wiltshire]]. [[Wilton House]] was renovated from about 1630 onwards, at times worked on by Jones, then passed on to [[Isaac de Caus]] when Jones was too busy with royal clients. He then returned in 1646 with his student, [[John Webb (architect)|John Webb]], to try and complete the project.<ref name="Summerson1993" /> {{rp|130–132}} Contemporary equivalent architects included Sir [[Balthazar Gerbier]] and [[Nicholas Stone]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McNay |first1=Michael |title=Hidden Treasures of London |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=9781847946171 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U93eCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |language=en}}</ref>

One of Jones's designs is the "double cube" room at Wilton, and it was also the foundation stone of his status as the father of British architecture. Jones, as the pioneer in his era, had strong influence during their time. His revolutionary ideas even effect beyond the Court circle, and today, many scholars believe that he also started the golden age of British architecture.<ref name="Parry1981">{{cite book |last1=Parry |first1=Graham |title=The Golden Age Restor'd: The Culture of the Stuart Court, 1603–42 |date=1981 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=9780719008252 |pages=153–154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H91RAQAAIAAJ&q=%22inigo%20jones%22%20%22double%20cube%22%20%22golden%20age%22&pg=PA153 |access-date=17 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>