Editing Indonesia (section)

=== Early history ===
{{Main|Prehistoric Indonesia}}
[[File:Lubang Jeriji Saléh cave painting of Bull.jpg|thumb|left|214x214px|One of the oldest known [[Figurative art|figurative painting]]s, a depiction of a bull, was discovered in the ''[[Lubang Jeriji Saléh]]'' cave dated as 40,000 to 44,000 years old.]]
The Indonesian archipelago has been inhabited since the time of ''[[homo erectus]]'' or "Java Man," with fossils dating back 2 million to 500,000 BCE.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pope|first=G.G.|title=Recent advances in far eastern paleoanthropology|journal=Annual Review of Anthropology|volume=17|pages=43–77|year=1988|doi=10.1146/annurev.an.17.100188.000355}} cited in {{cite book|last1=Whitten|first1=T.|last2=Soeriaatmadja|first2=R.E.|last3=Suraya|first3=A.A.|title=The Ecology of Java and Bali|publisher=Periplus Editions|year=1996|location=Hong Kong|pages=309–412}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pope|first=G.G.|title=Evidence on the age of the Asian Hominidae|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=80|issue=16|pages=4988–4992|year=1983|pmid=6410399|doi=10.1073/pnas.80.16.4988|pmc=384173|bibcode=1983PNAS...80.4988P|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=de Vos|first1=J.P.|last2=Sondaar|first2=P.Y.|title=Dating hominid sites in Indonesia|journal=Science|volume=266|issue=16|pages=4988–4992|year=1994|doi=10.1126/science.7992059|bibcode=1994Sci...266.1726D|doi-access=free}}</ref> Fossils of ''[[homo floresiensis]]'', found on Flores, date around 700,000 to 60,000 BCE, while ''[[homo sapiens]]'' arrived around 43,000 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Brown, P.|display-authors=etal|author2=Sutikna, T.|author3=Morwood, M. J.|author4=Soejono, R. P.|author5=Jatmiko|author6=Wayhu Saptomo, E.|author7=Rokus Awe Due|date=27 October 2004|title=A new small-bodied hominin from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|pmid=15514638|volume=431|issue=7012|doi=10.1038/nature02999|pages=1055–1061|bibcode=2004Natur.431.1055B|s2cid=26441|url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15287/files/PAL_E2586.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Brumm|first1=Adam|last2=Jensen|first2=Gitte M.|last3=van den Bergh|first3=Gert D.|last4=Morwood|first4=Michael J.|last5=Kurniawan|first5=Iwan|last6=Aziz|first6=Fachroel|last7=Storey|first7=Michael|year=2010|title=Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago|journal=Nature|volume=464|issue=7289|pages=748–752|bibcode=2010Natur.464..748B|doi=10.1038/nature08844|issn=0028-0836|pmid=20237472|s2cid=205219871}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/human-migration.html|title=The Great Human Migration|last=Gugliotta|first=Guy|publisher=Smithsonian Maganize|date=July 2008|access-date=21 August 2011|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170916033329/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-great-human-migration-13561/|url-status=live}}</ref> Sulawesi and Borneo are home to the world's oldest known [[cave painting]]s, dating back 40,000 to 60,000 years,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oktaviana|first1=Adhi Agus|last2=Joannes-Boyau|first2=Renaud|last3=Hakim|first3=Budianto|last4=Burhan|first4=Basran|last5=Sardi|first5=Ratno|last6=Adhityatama|first6=Shinatria|last7=Hamrullah|last8=Sumantri|first8=Iwan|last9=Tang|first9=M.|last10=Lebe|first10=Rustan|last11=Ilyas|first11=Imran|last12=Abbas|first12=Abdullah|last13=Jusdi|first13=Andi|last14=Mahardian|first14=Dewangga Eka|last15=Noerwidi|first15=Sofwan|date=3 July 2024|title=Narrative cave art in Indonesia by 51,200 years ago|journal=Nature|volume=631|issue=8022|pages=814–818|language=en|doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07541-7|issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free|pmid=38961284|pmc=11269172|bibcode=2024Natur.631..814O}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Harris|first=Garreth|date=4 July 2024|title=Oldest example of figurative art found in Indonesian cave|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/07/04/oldest-example-of-figurative-art-found-in-indonesian-cave|access-date=5 July 2024|website=The Art Newspaper|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240705071757/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/07/04/oldest-example-of-figurative-art-found-in-indonesian-cave|archive-date=5 July 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> and megalithic sites such as western Java's ''[[Gunung Padang]]'', Sulawesi's ''[[Lore Lindu National Park|Lore Lindu]]'', as well as Sumatra's Nias and Sumba reflect early human settlements and ceremonial practices.<ref>{{cite book|last=Prasetyo|first=Bagyo|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/4657|title=Megalithic: A phenomenon that flourished in Indonesia|date=2015|publisher=Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional|isbn=9786020818252|location=Jakarta|page=61}}</ref>

Around 2,000 BCE, [[Austronesian peoples]] began arriving in Southeast Asia from the island now known as [[Taiwan]], gradually displacing native [[Melanesians]] to the far eastern part of the archipelago as they spread east,{{sfn|Taylor|2003|pp=5–7}} and would eventually form the majority of Indonesia's modern population. Favourable agricultural conditions and advancements like [[Paddy field|wet-field rice cultivation]] by the 8th century BCE{{sfn|Taylor|2003|pp=8–9}} enabled the growth of villages and kingdoms by the first century CE. The archipelago's strategic location fostered inter-island and international exchange with civilisations from the Indian subcontinent and mainland China, profoundly influencing Indonesian history and culture through trade.{{sfn|Taylor|2003|pp=3, 9–11, 13–15, 18–20, 22–23}}{{sfn|Vickers|2005|pp=18–20, 60, 133–134}}{{sfn|Taylor|2003|pp=15–18}}

By the 7th century CE, the [[Srivijaya]] naval kingdom thrived on trade, adopting Hindu and Buddhist influences. The 8th to 10th centuries saw the rise and decline of the Buddhist [[Sailendra]] and Hindu [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]] dynasties, leaving monumental legacies like the [[Borobudur]] and [[Prambanan]] temples. After the failed [[Mongol invasion of Java]] in the late 13th century, the Hindu [[Majapahit]] kingdom rose to dominate much of the archipelago under [[Gajah Mada]]'s leadership—a period often called the "Golden Age" of Indonesian history.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The next great empire|last=Lewis|first=Peter|journal=Futures|volume=14|issue=1|year=1982|pages=47–61|doi=10.1016/0016-3287(82)90071-4}}</ref> Islam [[Spread of Islam in Indonesia|arrived]] in the 13th century in northern Sumatra,{{sfn|Ricklefs|1991|pp=3–14}} and following gradual adoption in other islands, it became the dominant religion in Java and Sumatra by the 16th century, blending with pre-existing traditions to form a distinct Islamic culture, particularly in Java.{{sfn|Ricklefs|1991|pp=12–14}}