Editing Ich bin ein Berliner (section)

===Origins===
[[File:JFK Ich bin ein Berliner - civis Romanus sum.png|John F. Kennedy's phonetic transcription of the German and Latin phrases in the ''Ich bin ein Berliner'' speech|thumb]]
The ''Ich bin ein Berliner'' speech is in part derived from a speech Kennedy gave at a Civic Reception on May 4, 1962, in [[New Orleans]]; there also he used the phrase ''civis Romanus sum'' by saying,
{{Blockquote|Two thousand years ago the proudest boast was to say, "I am a citizen of Rome." Today, I believe, in 1962 the proudest boast is to say, "I am a citizen of the United States." And it is not enough to merely say it; we must live it. Anyone can say it. But Americans who serve today in West Berlin—your sons and brothers—[...] are the Americans who are bearing the great burden.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8634&st=&st1=#axzz1pUAuH600|title=John F. Kennedy: Remarks in New Orleans at a Civic Reception|publisher=John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, The American Presidency Project [online]|date=1962-05-04|access-date=2012-03-18|archive-date=November 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144904/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=8634&st=&st1=#axzz1pUAuH600|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
The phrases "I am a Berliner" and "I am proud to be in Berlin" were typed already a week before the speech on a list of expressions to be used, including a phonetic transcription of the German translation. Such transcriptions are also found in the third draft of the speech (in Kennedy's own handwriting), from June 25. The final typed version of the speech does not contain the transcriptions, which are added by hand by Kennedy himself.<ref name=daum/>

In practice sessions before the trip, Kennedy had run through a number of sentences, even paragraphs, to recite in German; in these sessions, he was helped by Margaret Plischke, a translator working for the US State Department; by [[Ted Sorensen]], Kennedy's counsel and habitual speechwriter; and by an interpreter, [[Robert Lochner]], who had grown up in Berlin. It became clear quickly that the president did not have a gift for languages and was more likely to embarrass himself if he were to cite in German for any length.<ref name=daum/>

But there are differing accounts on the origin of the phrase ''Ich bin ein Berliner''. Plischke wrote a 1997 account<ref>Her letter to ''[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]'' is printed anonymously; however, in the first-person story the writer refers to herself as "Mrs. Plischke from the Foreign Service Institute." Additionally, she is named as Margarethe Plischke in [https://books.google.com/books?id=bgMUqltiT2AC&dq=Plischke+Foreign+Service+Institute&pg=PA217 ''Kennedy and the Berlin Wall''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418130138/https://books.google.com/books?id=bgMUqltiT2AC&dq=Plischke+Foreign+Service+Institute&pg=PA217 |date=April 18, 2023 }} by W. R. Smyser, p. 217. Retrieved May 23, 2011.</ref> of visiting Kennedy at the White House weeks before the trip to help compose the speech and teach him the proper pronunciation; she also claims that the phrase had been translated stateside already by the translator scheduled to accompany him on the trip ("a rather unpleasant man who complained bitterly that he had had to interrupt his vacation just to watch the President’s mannerisms").<ref name=anonymous>{{cite journal|last=Anonymous|year=1997|title=Teaching The Berliner|journal=[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]|volume=8|issue=4|url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/teaching-berliner?page=show|access-date=May 23, 2011|archive-date=March 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311083755/https://www.americanheritage.com/teaching-berliner?page=show|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, Ted Sorensen claimed in his memoir ''Counselor: A Life at the Edge of History'' (2008) to have had a hand in the speech, and said he had incorrectly inserted the word ''ein'', incorrectly taking responsibility for the "jelly doughnut misconception", below,<ref name=rosenthal/> a claim apparently supported by Berlin mayor [[Willy Brandt]] but dismissed by later scholars since the final typed version, which does not contain the words, is the last one Sorensen could have worked on.<ref name=daum/> Robert Lochner claimed in his memoirs that Kennedy had asked him for a translation of "I am a Berliner", and that they practiced the phrase in Brandt's office.<ref name=daum/> Daum credited  the origin of the phrase ''Ich bin ein Berliner'' to Kennedy and his 1962 speech in New Orleans quoted above. According to Daum, Kennedy was affected by seeing the Berlin Wall, so that he "falls back on the most memorable passage of his New Orleans speech given the year before, changing pride in being an American in being a Berliner."<ref name=daum/>