Editing Hyksos (section)

===Use===
"It is now commonly accepted in academic publications that the term {{lang|egy|Ḥqꜣ-Ḫꜣswt|italics=yes}} refers only to the individual foreign rulers of the late Second Intermediate Period,"{{sfn|Candelora|2018|p=53}} especially of the [[Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Fifteenth Dynasty]], rather than a people. However, Josephus used it as an ethnic term.{{efn|"Two separate misconceptions persist, both in the scholarship and more popular works, surrounding the word "Hyksos." The first is that this term is the name of a defined and relatively large population group (see below), when in fact it is only a royal title held exclusively by individual rulers. Any standalone use of the word "Hyksos" in the following article refers specifically to the foreign kings of the 15th Dynasty."{{sfn|Candelora|2018|pp=46–47}} "[Josephus] also misrepresents the Hyksos as a population group (ethnos) as opposed to a dynasty."{{sfn|Bietak|2012|p=1}} "Flavius Josephus used the designation "Hyksos" incorrectly as a kind of ethnic term for people of foreign origin who seized power in Egypt for a certain period. In this sense, for the sake of convenience, it is also used in the title and section headings of the present article. One should never forget, however, that, strictly spoken, the "Hyksos" were only the kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty, and of simultaneous minor dynasties, who took the title ḥqꜣw-ḫꜣswt."{{sfn|Bietak|2010|p=139}}}} Its use to refer to the population persists in some academic papers.{{sfn|Candelora|2018|p=65}}

In Ancient Egypt, the term "Hyksos" ({{lang|egy|ḥqꜣ-ḫꜣswt|italics=yes}}) was also used to refer to various Nubian and especially Asiatic rulers both before and after the Fifteenth Dynasty.{{sfn|Bourriau|2000|p=174}}{{sfn|Candelora|2017|pp=208–209}}{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|pp=123–124}} It was used at least since the [[Sixth Dynasty of Egypt]] (c. 2345–2181 BC) to designate chieftains from the [[Syria (region)|Syro]]-[[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] area.{{sfn|Kamrin|2009|p=25}} One of its earliest recorded uses is found c. 1900 BC in the tomb of [[Khnumhotep II]] of the [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty]] to label a [[nomad]] or [[Canaan]]ite ruler named "[[:File:Painting_of_foreign_delegation_in_the_tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_circa_1900_BCE_(Detail_mentioning_"Abisha_the_Hyksos"_in_hieroglyphs).jpg|Abisha the Hyksos]]"
(using the standard <big>'''𓋾𓈎𓈉'''</big>, ''ḥqꜣ-ḫꜣswt'', "Heqa-kasut" for "Hyksos").{{sfn|Willems|2010|p=96}}{{sfn|Curry|2018}}

{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=200|caption_align=center
| align = left
| direction =horizontal
| header=Scarabs of Hyksos kings
| image1 = Hyksos on the seal of king Semqen.jpg
| caption1 = "[[Semqen]] the Hyksos"
| image2 = Khyan the Hyksos (Hyksos highlighted).jpg
| caption2 = "[[Khyan]] the Hyksos"
| footer= Scarabs of Hyksos kings, with "Hyksos" highlighted.{{sfn|Candelora|2017|p=211}}
| footer_align = center
}}
Based on the use of the name in a Hyksos inscription of [[Sakir-Har]] from Avaris, the name was used by the Hyksos as a title for themselves.{{sfn|Candelora|2017|p=204}} However, [[Kim Ryholt]] argues that "Hyksos" was not an official title of the rulers of the Fifteenth Dynasty, and is never encountered together with [[Ancient Egyptian royal titulary|royal titulary]], only appearing as the title in the case of Sakir-Har. According to Ryholt, "Hyksos" was a generic term encountered separately from royal titulary, and in regnal lists after the end of the Fifteenth Dynasty itself.{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|p=123–125}} However, Vera Müller writes: "Considering that S-k-r-h-r is also mentioned with three names of the traditional Egyptian titulary (Horus name, Golden Falcon name and Two Ladies name) on the same monument, this argument is somehow strange."{{sfn|Müller|2018|p=211}} Danielle Candelora and Manfred Bietak also argue that the Hyksos used the title officially.{{sfn|Bietak|2012|p=1}}{{sfn|Candelora|2017|p=216}} All other texts in the Egyptian language do not call the Hyksos by this name, instead referring to them as Asiatics ([[:wikt:ꜥꜣm#Egyptian|ꜥꜣmw]]), with the possible exception of the [[Turin King List]] in a hypothetical reconstruction from a fragment.{{sfn|Candelora|2017|pp=206–208}} The title is not attested for the Hyksos king [[Apepi (pharaoh)|Apepi]], possibly indicating an "increased adoption of Egyptian decorum".{{sfn|Bietak|2012|p=2}} The names of Hyksos rulers in the Turin list are without the royal cartouche and have the [[Throw stick (hieroglyph)|throwstick]] "foreigners" determinative.{{sfn|Ryholt|2004}}
[[File:Hyksoskingscarabs.png|thumb]]
[[Scarab (artifact)|Scarabs]] also attest the use of this title for pharaohs usually assigned to the [[Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Fourteenth]] or Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt, who are sometimes called "'lesser' Hyksos."{{sfn|Müller|2018|p=211}} The Theban Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt is also given the title in some versions of Manetho, a fact which Bietak attributes to textual corruption.{{sfn|Bietak|2012|p=2}} In the [[Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt]] and during the [[Ptolemaic Dynasty|Ptolemaic Period]], the term Hyksos was adopted as a personal title and epithet by several pharaohs or high Egyptian officials, including the Theban official [[Mentuemhat]], [[Philip III of Macedon]],{{sfn|Hölbl|2001|p=79}}{{sfn|Candelora|2017|p=209}} and [[Ptolemy XIII]].{{sfn|Candelora|2017|p=209}} It was also used on the tomb of Egyptian grand priest [[Petosiris]] at [[Tuna el-Gebel]] in 300 BC to designate the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]] ruler [[Artaxerxes III]], although it is unknown if Artaxerxes adopted this title for himself.{{sfn|Candelora|2017|p=209}}