Editing Hyderabad (section)

=== Early and medieval history ===
{| role="Historical affiliations" class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse"
| <strong>Historical affiliations</strong>
|-
|
* {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]] 1518–1687
:(inception of Hyderabad city in 1591)
* {{flagicon image|Captured flag of the Mughal Empire (1857).png}} [[Mughal Empire]] 1687–1724
* {{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg}} [[Nizam State]] 1724–1948
* {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] 1948–1956
* {{flagicon image|Flag of United Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] 1956–2014
* {{flagicon image|}} [[Telangana]] since 2014
|}
The discovery of [[Megalithic]] burial sites and [[Hasmathpet cairns|cairn circles]] in the [[suburb]]s of Hyderabad, in 1851 by [[Philip Meadows Taylor]], a [[polymath]] in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited since the [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Prehistoric and megalithic cairns vanish from capital's landscape |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/prehistoric-and-megalithic-cairns-vanish-from-capitals-landscape/articleshow/59696497.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 July 2017 |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921010650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/prehistoric-and-megalithic-cairns-vanish-from-capitals-landscape/articleshow/59696497.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="yimene">{{cite book |title=An African Indian community in Hyderabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C |last=Yimene |first=Ababu Minda |year=2004 |publisher=Cuvillier Verlag |page=2 |isbn=978-3-86537-206-2 |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075422/https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed [[Iron Age]] sites that may date from 500&nbsp;[[BCE]].<ref name="Hyd_BC">{{cite news |title=Iron Age burial site discovered |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/10/stories/2008091058090100.htm |last=Venkateshwarlu |first=K. |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 September 2008 |access-date=7 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/10/stories/2008091058090100.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the [[Chalukya dynasty]] from 624&nbsp;[[Common Era|CE]] to 1075&nbsp;CE.<ref name="kolluru">{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of the minor Chalukya dynasties of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=1 |isbn=978-81-7099-216-5 |last=Kolluru |first=Suryanarayana |year=1993}}</ref> Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda—now part of Hyderabad—came under the control of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] from 1158, whose seat of power was at [[Warangal]]—{{cvt|148|km|mi|0}} northeast of modern Hyderabad.<ref name="Golctime">{{harvtxt|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007|pp=19–41}}</ref> The Kakatiya ruler [[Ganapatideva]] (1199–1262) built a [[Hilltop castle|hilltop]] [[Outpost (military)|outpost]]—later known as [[Golconda Fort]]—to defend their western region.<ref name="yimene" />

The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the [[Khalji dynasty]] in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. This lasted until 1321 when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by [[Malik Kafur]], Khalji's general.<ref name="medival India">{{cite book |title=Historical dictionary of medieval India |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |pages=85 and 141 |isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8 |last=Khan |first=Iqtidar Alam |year=2008}}</ref> During this period, Khalji took the ''[[Koh-i-Noor]]'' diamond, which is said to have been mined from the [[Kollur Mine]]s of Golconda, to Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Heritage Golconda diamond up for auction at Sotheby's |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heritage-Golconda-diamond-up-for-auction-at-Sothebys/articleshow/12077925.cms |last=Ghose |first=Archana Khare |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510184349/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-29/hyderabad/31109972_1_heritage-golconda-type-iia-golconda-diamond |archive-date=10 May 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]]; [[Malik Maqbul Tilangani]] was appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftains [[Musunuri Nayakas]]—who revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333—took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Delhi Sultanate |chapter=Muhammad Bin Tughluq |pages=61–89 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar |year=1967 |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> In 1347 when [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]], a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]], with [[Gulbarga]]—{{cvt|200|km|mi|0}} west of Hyderabad—as its capital, both the neighbouring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364–65 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.{{sfn|Prasad, History of the Andhras|1988|p=172}}{{sfn|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007|p=20}}<ref name="Mainak">{{cite book |title=Perception, Design and Ecology of the Built Environment: A Focus on the Global South |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA504 |publisher=Springer Nature |page=504 |isbn=978-3-030-25879-5 |last=Ghosh |first=Mainak |year=2020 |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075415/https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA504#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Govardhan II, Visit of sufi-singer Shir Muhammad to Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, ca. 1720, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.jpg|thumb|right|A 17th century [[Deccan painting|Deccani School]] miniature of [[Qutb Shahi]] ruler [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]] with Sufi singers in the ''[[Mehfil]]''-("gathering to entertain or praise someone").|alt=A deccani style of painting of the last Qutb Shahi ruler Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]]
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In 1496 [[Quli Qutb Shah|Sultan Quli]] was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana. He rebuilt, expanded and [[Fortification|fortified]] the old mud fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad Nagar". In 1518, he revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]].<ref name="Golctime" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad through the ages |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800050300.htm |last=Nayeem |first=M.A |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 May 2002 |access-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604122609/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800050300.htm |archive-date=4 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Golconda |url=http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/index/map_e.htm |last=Matsuo |first=Ara |publisher=University of Tokyo |date=22 November 2005 |access-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613080243/http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/index/map_e.htm |archive-date=13 June 2013}}</ref> The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan, [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]], established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591,<ref name="James">{{cite book |title=Historical dictionary of the British empire |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=544 |isbn=978-0-313-27917-1 |last1=Olson |first1=James Stuart |last2=Shadle |first2=Robert |year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Zad93Q6KZOuM4jrH99qaeN/Opinion--A-Hyderabadi-conundrum.html |title=Opinion A Hyderabadi conundrum |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115151348/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Zad93Q6KZOuM4jrH99qaeN/Opinion--A-Hyderabadi-conundrum.html |archive-date=15 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda.<ref>{{cite book |title=Developments in administration under H.E.H. the Nizam VII |publisher=Osmania University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWYeAAAAMAAJ |page=243 |year=1984 |editor1-first=Shamim |editor1-last=Aleem |editor2-last=Aleem |editor2-first=M. Aabdul |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141226/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWYeAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> During his rule, he had the [[Charminar]] and [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] built in the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of India |publisher=Smriti Books |page=61 |isbn=978-81-87967-71-2 |last=Bansal |first=Sunita Pant |year=2005}}</ref> On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] after a [[Siege of Golconda|year-long siege]] of the Golconda Fort.<ref name="Richards1">{{cite journal |title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707 |first=J. F. |last=Richards |year=1975 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |volume=9 |issue=2 |s2cid=142989123 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref><ref name="Waldemar Hansen">{{cite book |title=The Peacock throne: the drama of Mogul India |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |pages=168 and 471 |isbn=978-81-208-0225-4 |last=Hansen |first=Waldemar |year=1972}}</ref> The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed ''Darul Jihad'' (House of War),<ref name="TH&Journal">{{cite news |title=Living Hyderabad: drum house on the hillock |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/living-hyderabad-drum-house-on-the-hillock/article21571851.ece |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 December 2017 |access-date=19 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226211248/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/living-hyderabad-drum-house-on-the-hillock/article21571851.ece |archive-date=26 February 2021}}</ref> whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the province [[Hyderabad Subah]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=J. F. |date=1975 |title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |jstor=311962 |s2cid=142989123 |issn=0026-749X |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024944/https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors: [[Jan Sipar Khan]] (1688–1700), his son [[Rustam Dil Khan]] (1700–13) and [[Mubariz Khan]] (1713–24).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Michell |first=George |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/268771115 |title=Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Mark Zebrowski |isbn=978-0-511-46884-1 |location=Cambridge |pages=210 |oclc=268771115}}</ref>