Editing Hwarang (section)

==History==

===Wonhwa===
According to the ''Samguk Sagi'' and ''Samguk Yusa'', two groups of women called [[Wonhwa]] preceded the Hwarang. The precise nature and activities of the Wonhwa are also unclear, with some scholars positing they may have actually been court beauties or courtesans.<ref>Rutt, 20</ref> However, considering that they were trained in ethics, this may be a later patriarchal reading into the Wonhwa. Women played a much more prominent social role in pre-[[Joseon]] Korea, especially in Silla, which had three reigning queens in its history.

Both sources record that during the reign of [[Jinheung of Silla]], groups of beautiful girls were chosen and taught filial and fraternal piety, loyalty, and sincerity (no firm date is given for this, and some scholars express doubt this even occurred during Jinheung's reign).<ref>Rutt, 19.</ref> However, the leaders of the two bands of Wonhwa, Nammo (南毛) and Junjeong (俊貞), grew jealous of one another. When Junjeong murdered her rival, the Wonhwa were disbanded. No doubt the details of this origin story are most likely based on myth and legend, despite the facts surrounding the foundation of the sect being true, as supported by various documented sources. First note that the term ''wonhwa'' is composed of won 源, "source", and undoubtedly refers to the founders of the sect, while hwa 花, "flower", is a euphemism for someone who has spent a great deal of time or money in the pursuit of something, i.e. a devotee. In the case of the Wonhwa, devotion to [[philosophy]] and [[the arts]]. Furthermore, while the names ''nammo'' and ''junjeong'' could have been appellations adopted by these two ladies for use in [[court (royal)|court]], one cannot overlook the obvious descriptions they portray. ''Nammo'' hints at one who is careless yet lucky, or perhaps someone who is innately insightful and therefore lackadaisical about further erudition. ''Junjeung'' clearly indicates a person who is talented and virtuous, despite the fact that she was the one who succumbed to homicidal tendencies. It would be logical to assume that if someone had to work hard, maybe even struggle with attaining certain goals, that envy might consume them if their counterpart, especially if viewed more as a rival, seemed to reach the same objectives with substantially less effort.

===Origins of the Hwarang===
It is conjectured that the foundation of the Hwarang system originated from the mid 6th century during the King [[Jinheung of Silla]] era, but the exact date of establishment is ambiguous: [[Samguk sagi]] reports the year of 576 AD, [[Dongguk Tonggam]] reports the year of 540 AD, and Sadaham is already recorded as a Hwarang in 562 AD according to [[Samguk sagi#Biographies|Samguk sagi yeoljeon]].<ref>{{cite journal|first1=K.|last1=Park|first2=G.|last2=Ok|year=2016|title=Martial Arts and Ideology of Hwarang, the Ancient Korean Warrior|journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport|volume=33|issue=9|pages=951-962|doi=10.1080/09523367.2016.1218332}}</ref> Although some historians believe that the Hwarang played a big part in the unification of the Three Kingdoms, some historians are unclear about the role that the Hwarang played in the unification;  An excerpt aboutSamguk Sagi .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Chong Sun|date=1969|title=Sources of Cohesion and Fragmentation in the Silla Kingdom|jstor=23849477|journal=Journal of Korean Studies |volume=1|issue=1|pages=41–72|doi=10.1353/jks.1969.0000 |s2cid=143864442 }}</ref> According to the ''Samguk Yusa'', the Silla king, "concerned about the strengthening of the country ... again issued a decree and chose boys from good families who were of good morals and renamed them ''hwarang''."<ref>Translated in Rutt, 18.</ref>  The actual word used in this chronicle is ''hwanang'' (花娘), meaning "flower girls".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.buddhist-canon.com/history/T490995a.htm |title=2039 三國遺事 0995a |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111045123/http://www.buddhist-canon.com/history/T490995a.htm |archive-date=2017-01-11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This suggests that the Hwarang were not originally military in character, as the Wonhwa were not soldiers. 
[[File:Hwarang.jpg|thumb|left|A modern-day Korean representing a Silla hwarang]]
The youths who were chosen by the Silla Kingdom became the knights and warriors for the Silla dynasty within the age of the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea]].  A close relationship did exist between the Hwarang and [[Buddhism]] because Buddhism was accepted as a state religion by the royalty and aristocrats within the Silla Kingdom.<ref>Silla Buddhism and the Hwarang Segi Manuscripts, 2007</ref> The Buddhist monks were often mentors for the Hwarang in both physical and spiritual ways. The Hwarang would seek the teachings of these Buddhist monks because they knew that the martial arts practiced by these Buddhist monks were a source through which they could strengthen themselves for greater success in the future and for the benefit of the Silla Kingdom.<ref>Silla Buddhism and the Hwarang, 2010</ref> The monks would train themselves in physical fitness exercises through self-defense techniques, countering the weakening effects of long-term [[Buddhist meditation|meditation]] and enabling them to protect themselves from bandits and robbers who tried to steal the donations and charities that were collected by the monks on their pilgrimages.<ref>ACTA Black Belt Manual, 2007</ref> Both the Buddhist monks and the Hwarang would go on journeys to famous mountains to heighten their training and would seek encounters with supernatural beings for protection and the success/prosperous of the Silla Kingdom. [[Won-gwang|Won Gwang Beop Sa]] (圓光法士) was a Buddhist monk who was asked by the Hwarang to teach them ways to develop aspirations, bravery, and honor, in order to protect the Silla Kingdom from the other kingdoms inhabiting the peninsula. Won Gwang trained these youths in three areas:

# Self-defense capabilities 
# Self-confidence 
# Self-control

[[File:Dam yeom rip bon wang hee do, from Gugong Bowuguan China, 6th century.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Tang'yŏm ippon wanghoe to (唐閻立本王會圖). 6th century, China. Envoys visiting the Tang Emperor. From left to right: Wa ([[Kumaso]]), Silla, Baekje ambassadors]]

Won Gwang taught the youths of the Hwarang to become warriors who could defend their beliefs with martial arts, to be confident in their actions, and to control themselves and their surroundings. Won Gwang gave to these Hwarang teachings in [[gwonbeop]] (martial methods or skills) that combined the secret Buddhist monk's physical and mental exercises.  Won Gwang also proposed 5 principles or guidelines that were later called the ''Five Precepts for Secular Life'' (Se Sok O Gye; 세속오계; 世俗五戒) which became a list of ethics that the Hwarang could embrace (this is why he is commonly known as ''Beop Sa'' or  "lawgiver"):<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://koreanhistoricaldramas.com/hwarang/|title=The Original Flower Boys: Hwarang-do 화랑도|date=2016-12-03|newspaper=Sageuk: Korean Historical Dramas|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-04|archive-date=2016-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212121314/http://koreanhistoricaldramas.com/hwarang/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

# Show allegiance to one's sovereign. (''sa·gun·i·chung''; 사군이충; 事君以忠)
# Treat one's parents with respect and devotion. (''sa·chin·i·hyo''; 사친이효; 事親以孝)
# Exhibit trust and sincerity amongst friends. (''gyo·u·i·sin''; 교우이신; 交友以信)
# Never retreat in battle. (''im·jeon·mu·toe''; 임전무퇴; 臨戰無退)
# Exercise discretion when taking a life. (''sal·saeng·yu·taek''; 살생유택; 殺生有擇)

These commandments and teachings of Won Gwang were followed by the Hwarang to protect the Silla Kingdom from rival kingdoms and helped unify the nation of Ancient Korea until the fall of the Silla Kingdom.

In 520, [[Beopheung of Silla|King Beopheung]] had instituted Sino-Korean style reforms and formalized the [[Bone rank system|golpum]] (bone rank) system. In 527, Silla formally adopted Buddhism as a state religion. The establishment of Hwarang took place in the context of tightening central state control, a complement to the ''golpum'' system and a symbol of harmony and compromise between the king and the aristocracy.<ref>K.D. Lee, 7-9.</ref>

===History===
With the consolidation and expansion of Silla and intensification of military rivalries among the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms]] in the 6th century, the Silla court took a more active interest in the Hwarang. Hwarang groups were usually led by a youth of aristocratic standing, and the state appointed a high-ranking official to oversee the organization.

The Hwarang in the later 6th and 7th centuries trained in horsemanship, swordsmanship, archery, javelin and stone throwing, polo, and ladder-climbing.<ref>Joe, 70.</ref>  By the seventh century the organization had grown greatly in prestige and numbered several hundred bands.<ref>Joe, 69.</ref>

The ''Samguk Sagi'', compiled by the general and official [[Kim Bu-sik]], emphasizes the military exploits of certain Hwarang, while the ''Samguk Yusa'' emphasizes the group's Buddhist activities.<ref>Rutt, 21.</ref> The biographies section of the ''Samguk Sagi'' describes young Hwarang who distinguished themselves in the struggles against the [[Gaya confederacy]] and later [[Baekje]] and [[Goguryeo]]. According to the ''Hwarang Segi'', as cited in the ''Samguk Sagi'' and ''Haedong Goseungjeon'', “...able ministers and loyal subjects are chosen from them, and good generals and brave soldiers are born therefrom.” <ref>Peter H. Lee, 67.</ref>

The Hwarang were greatly influenced by [[Korean Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Korean Confucianism|Confucian]], and [[shamanistic]] ideals. A Chinese official recorded, "They [Silla] choose fair sons from noble families and deck them out with cosmetics and fine clothes and call them Hwarang. The people all revere and serve them."<ref>Rutt, 17, citing the ''Samguk Sagi'' quoting the no longer extant ''Xinluo guoji'' (Account of the Country of Silla) by the Tang official Linghu Cheng, who had visited Silla in the mid-8th century and later wrote an account of the country.</ref>

===Disbandment===
[[File:Statue of Hwarang, Hamyang Middle School.JPG|thumb|right|Statue of Hwarang (located in Hamyang Middle School)]]
After establishing a [[Unified Silla]], the [[Silla-Tang War]], and reestablishing relations with the [[Tang dynasty]], the Hwarang lost much of their influence and prestige during peacetime. This group was reduced to a social club for Silla's elite through various names. They would eventually disappear after the fall of Silla, but they lasted through the [[Goryeo|Koryŏ]] dynasty until they officially disbanded at the beginning of the [[Joseon]] dynasty.<ref>Lee, Peter H. (1996). Sources of Korean Tradition, Vol. 1: From Early Times Through the 16th Century. Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-23110-567-5}}</ref>