Editing Hubris (section)

=== Legal usage ===
[[File:Νέμεσις πατά την Ύβριν, ρωμαϊκό αναθεματικό ανάγλυφο, 2ος αι.μ.Χ., Πάτρα 01.jpg|thumb|Votive relief of [[Nemesis]] as protector of gladiators treading on Hubris, 2nd-century, [[Archaeological Museum of Patras]], [[Greece]]]]

In [[ancient Athens]], hubris was defined as the use of violence to shame the victim (this sense of hubris could also characterize rape).<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hubris|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/hubris|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=21 April 2016}}</ref> In legal terms, hubristic violations of the law included what might today be termed [[assault]]-and-[[Battery (crime)|battery]], sexual crimes, or the theft of public or sacred property. In some contexts, the term had a sexual connotation.<ref name="superstition2">David Cohen, "Law, society and homosexuality or hermaphrodity in Classical Athens" in ''Studies in ancient Greek and Roman society'' By [[Robin Osborne]]; p. 64</ref> Shame was frequently reflected upon the perpetrator, as well.<ref>{{cite book|title=Nomos: Essays in Athenian Law, Politics and Society|last=Cartledge|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Cartledge|author2=Paul Millett|year= 2003|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn= 978-0521522090|page= 123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nCSw5Cr4PUC&pg=PA123|access-date= 2011-11-14|author2-link= Paul Millett}}</ref>

Crucial to this definition are the ancient Greek concepts of [[honour]] (τιμή, ''timē'') and shame (αἰδώς, ''[[aidos|aidōs]]''). The concept of honour included not only the exaltation of the one receiving honour, but also the shaming of the one overcome by the act of hubris. This concept of honour is akin to a [[zero-sum]] game. [[Rush Rehm]] simplifies this definition of hubris to the contemporary concept of "insolence, contempt, and excessive violence".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rehm |first1=Rush |author-link=Rush Rehm|title=Radical Theatre: Greek Tragedy in the Modern World |date=2014 |publisher=A&C Black |via=Google Books |isbn=978-1472502339 |page=75 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eanAgAAQBAJ&q=Rush+Rehm+hubris&pg=PA75 |access-date=2 October 2018}}</ref>

Two well-known cases are found in the speeches of [[Demosthenes]], a prominent statesman and orator in ancient [[Greece]]. These two examples occurred when first [[Midias]] punched Demosthenes in the face in the theatre (''[[Against Midias]]''), and second when (in ''Against Conon'') a defendant allegedly assaulted a man and crowed over the victim. Yet another example of hubris appears in [[Aeschines]]' ''[[Against Timarchus]]'', where the defendant, Timarchus, is accused of breaking the law of hubris by submitting himself to [[prostitution]] and anal intercourse. Aeschines brought this suit against Timarchus to bar him from the rights of political office and his case succeeded.<ref name="superstition3">Aeschines "Against Timarchus" from ''Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook of Basic Documents'' by [[Thomas Hubbard (historian)]] {{ISBN?}} {{page?|date=December 2022}}</ref> [[Aristotle]] defined hubris as shaming the victim, not because of anything that happened to the committer or might happen to the committer, but merely for that committer's own gratification:

<blockquote>to cause shame to the victim, not in order that anything may happen to you, nor because anything has happened to you, but merely for your own gratification. Hubris is not the requital of past injuries; this is revenge. As for the pleasure in hubris, its cause is this: naive men think that by ill-treating others they make their own superiority the greater.<ref>[[Aristotle]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0060%3Abekker+page%3D1378b ''Rhetoric'' 1378b].</ref><ref name="law">{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=David|title=Law, Violence, and Community in Classical Athens|page=145|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJ9GjorvJGkC&pg=PA145|isbn=0521388376|access-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref><ref name="eros">{{cite book|last=Ludwig|first=Paul W.|title=Eros and Polis: Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory|page=178|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvqTEy-til8C&pg=PA172|isbn=1139434179|access-date=March 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Skof|first1=Lenart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y78TEAAAQBAJ&q=%22Hubris%22+%22naive+men+think+that+by+ill-treating+others+they+make+their+own+superiority+the+greater%22&pg=PA58|title=Shame, Gender Violence, and Ethics: Terrors of Injustice|last2=Hawke|first2=Shé M.|date=2021|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1793604682|language=en}}</ref></blockquote>