Editing Hubert Walter (section)

==Bishop and archbishop==
After the death of King Henry in 1189, the new King Richard I appointed Walter Bishop of Salisbury; the election took place on 15 September 1189 at [[Pipewell]], with the [[consecration]] on 22 October 1189 at [[Westminster Abbey|Westminster]].<ref name=Handbook270>Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 270</ref><ref name=BHOSalis>Greenway "Bishops" ''Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300'' Volume 4: Salisbury</ref> Also elected to bishoprics at this council were [[Godfrey de Lucy]] to the [[Diocese of Winchester|see of Winchester]], [[Richard FitzNeal]] to the [[diocese of London|see of London]], and [[William Longchamp]] to the [[Diocese of Ely|see of Ely]]. The elevation of so many new bishops was probably meant to signal the new king's break with his father's habit of keeping bishoprics empty to retain the revenues of the [[Episcopal see|see]]s.<ref name=RichardI109>Gillingham ''Richard I'' p. 109</ref>{{efn|This process of appropriating the revenues of a vacant see was known as [[Regalian right]].<ref name=Coredon236>Coredon ''Dictionary'' p. 236</ref>}} At about the same time Glanvill was either forced out of his justiciarship or resigned, but the sources are unclear.<ref name=Young23>Young ''Hubert Walter'' p. 23</ref> Walter was probably elevated to a bishopric even though his uncle had lost some of his power because of political manoeuvring over the elevation of King Richard's illegitimate half-brother [[Geoffrey, Archbishop of York|Geoffrey]] to the see of York, which Walter had at first opposed. The bishopric was either a reward or a bribe for Walter's withdrawal of his objections to Geoffrey's election.<ref name=Young25>Young ''Hubert Walter'' pp. 25–26</ref>{{efn|Geoffrey was elected to York partly in fulfilment of King Henry's dying wish, and partly to place Geoffrey in holy orders and thus unable to contest for the English crown. However, the cathedral chapter had elected Walter shortly before Geoffrey's appointment, and for a short while, Walter appealed to Rome.<ref>Turner "Richard Lionheart and English Episcopal Elections" ''Albion'' pp. 4–5</ref>}}

Soon after his appointment, Walter accompanied the king on the Third Crusade,<ref name=Bartlett115>Bartlett ''England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings'' p. 115</ref> going ahead of the king directly from [[Marseille]] to the Holy Land in a group that included [[Baldwin of Forde]], Archbishop of Canterbury, and Ranulf de Glanvill.<ref name=RichardI129>Gillingham ''Richard I'' p. 129</ref> The group left Marseille in August 1190, and arrived at [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] two months later.<ref name=War428>Tyerman ''God's War'' pp. 428–429</ref> While on crusade, he was praised by his fellow crusaders, and acted as Richard's principal negotiator with [[Saladin]] for a peace treaty.<ref name=RichardI238>Gillingham ''Richard I'' pp. 238–240</ref> After the conclusion of the treaty with Saladin, Walter was in the first band of pilgrims that entered [[Jerusalem]].<ref name=DNB/> Saladin entertained Walter during his stay in Jerusalem, and the Englishman succeeded in extracting a promise from Saladin that a small group of Western clergy would be allowed to remain in the city to perform divine services.<ref name=War471>Tyerman ''God's War'' p. 471</ref> Walter subsequently led the English army back to England after Richard's departure from [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], but in [[Sicily]] he heard of the king's capture, and diverted to Germany.<ref name=RichardI238/> He, along with [[William of Sainte-Mère-Eglise]], was among the first of Richard's subjects to find the king at [[Ochsenfurt]] where he was being held.<ref name=DNB/> In April 1193 he returned to England to raise the king's ransom. Richard wrote to his mother, Queen [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]], that Walter should be chosen for the [[Archbishop of Canterbury|see of Canterbury]],<ref name=RichardI238/> as well as to the monks of the cathedral chapter,<ref name=Turner8>Turner "Richard Lionheart and English Episcopal Elections" ''Albion'' p. 8</ref> and soon after Walter's return to England, he was duly elected archbishop of Canterbury, having been [[Translation (ecclesiastical)|translated]] to the see on 29 May 1193.<ref name=Handbook232>Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 232</ref> He was chosen as archbishop without consultation from the bishops, who normally claimed the right to help decide the new archbishop.<ref name=Jones35>Jones ''King John and Magna Carta'' p. 35</ref> He received his [[pallium]], the symbol of his archiepiscopal authority, from [[Pope Celestine III]] and was ceremonially enthroned at Canterbury on 7 November 1193.<ref name=Young45>Young ''Hubert Walter'' p. 45</ref>