Editing Hoorn (section)

=== Early history ===
In the beginning of the eighth century, the threat of [[Vikings|Viking]] raids led to unrest in the [[Frisian Kingdom]], causing many people to leave their hometowns and settle elsewhere.<ref name="vdknaap"/> Following this example, Hornus – a bastard son of [[Redbad, King of the Frisians|Redbad]] – allegedly moved westward along with his companions and, in 719, built a settlement west of the river [[Vlie]], which he named after himself.<ref name="vdknaap"/> This legendary settlement did not exist for long, as it burnt down only a few years later.<ref name="vdknaap"/>

In the Late Middle Ages, the site of present-day Hoorn was a [[swamp]]y area that was not at all suitable for [[agriculture]], as opposed to the more [[Soil fertility|fertile]] inland.<ref name="halma" /><ref name="oudhoorn">{{Cite web|title=Hoorn in de Middeleeuwen|url=https://www.oudhoorn.nl/bibliotheek/digitaal/hoorn_in_de_middeleeuwen/hoorn_in_de_middeleeuwen_002.php|access-date=23 June 2020|website=Vereniging Oud Hoorn}}</ref> Here, overproduction of [[dairy product]]s led to the establishment of a [[marketplace]] within the domain of [[Zwaag]], where excesses could be traded for other goods.<ref name="oudhoorn" /> This marketplace was located near a [[sluice]] in the river Gouw, which was the most convenient passage into the [[Zuiderzee]] for the surrounding villages.<ref name="oudhoorn" />

The marketplace attracted many foreign traders, most notably from [[Hamburg]] and [[Bremen]], who came to sell their goods (mostly [[beer]]) to the local population in return for [[butter]] and [[cheese]].<ref name="oudhoorn" /> This also brought three brothers from Hamburg to the area, who recognized its convenient location and decided to each build an [[inn]] near the marketplace to increase the sale of their beers.<ref name="chroniick">{{Cite book|last=Velius|first=Theodorus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfRjAAAAcAAJ&q=herbergen%20hoorn%201316&pg=PA11-IA20|title=Chroniick van Hoorn, daer in verhaelt werden des selven Stadts eerste begin, opcomen, en gedenckweerdige geschiedenissen, tot op den jare 1630|publisher=Isaac Willemsz.|year=1648|location=Hoorn|pages=3|language=nl}}</ref> The construction of these buildings was completed in 1316 and led to the expansion of the settlement, as more merchants from [[Northern Germany]] and [[Denmark]] now visited the place to trade.<ref name="halma" /><ref name="chroniick" /> As a result, the settlement quickly developed into a village, which was then given the name of Hoorn.<ref name="halma" /> The town officially became a city in 1357, when Hoorn was awarded [[City rights in the Low Countries|city rights]] by [[William I, Duke of Bavaria|William V]], [[Count of Holland]], after a lump sum payment of 1,550 [[Écu|schilden]].<ref name="WG-Historie" />{{refn|group=lower-alpha|name=Cox|The exact date on which Hoorn received its city rights is debatable. At the time, each year began on [[Holy Saturday]] rather than 1 January. The original certificate states that the city rights were granted "in the year (…) 1356, on the Sunday after [[Feast of the Annunciation|Our Lady's Day]]”, which corresponds to 26 March 1357 on the [[Gregorian calendar]]. However, the same certificate also states that the city rights were granted by “[[William I, Duke of Bavaria|William]], Duke of Bavaria, Count of Holland and Zeeland, Lord of Friesland, and {{Lang|nl|[[Heir apparent|Verbeider]]}} of Hainaut". As his title changed to Count of Hainaut when his mother, the [[Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut|Countess of Hainaut]], died on 23 June 1356, it has been argued that Hoorn must have received its city rights one year earlier, on 26 March 1356.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cox |first1=Joost C.M. |title=Stedelijke trots en stadsrechtvieringen |journal=Holland, Historisch Tijdschrift |date=2006 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=63–75 |url=http://tijdschriftholland.nl/wp-content/uploads/Holland2006_2web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918120322/http://tijdschriftholland.nl/wp-content/uploads/Holland2006_2web.pdf |archive-date=2018-09-18 |url-status=live |access-date=6 April 2019 |language=nl}}</ref> Nonetheless, the city of Hoorn celebrated its 600 and 650 year anniversary in 1957 and 2007 respectively.}}