Editing Holy Lance (section)

=== Rome ===
[[File:S. LONGINO, Bernini.jpg|thumb|Statue of Saint Longinus by [[Gianlorenzo Bernini]] (1638)]]
A Holy Lance relic is preserved at [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] in Vatican City, in a [[loggia]] carved into the pillar above the [[Saint Longinus (Bernini)|statue of Saint Longinus]].<ref name="Olivié 2017">{{cite magazine |author-last=Olivié |author-first=Antonio |year=2017 |title=In the Footsteps of Christ in Rome. |magazine=Jerusalem Cross: Annales Ordinis Equestris Sancti Sepulchri Hierosolymitani |location=Vatican City |publisher=[[Order of the Holy Sepulchre|Grand Magisterium of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem]] |pages=64–65 |url=http://www.oessh.va/content/ordineequestresantosepolcro/en/media/le-nostre-pubblicazioni/la-croce-di-gerusalemme-2017.html |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504131044/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/institutions_connected/oessh/ad/croce2017/croce2017_en.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-04 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kuhn 1916">{{cite book |author-last=Kuhn |author-first=Albert |date=1916 |title=Roma: Ancient, Subterranean, and Modern Rome |location=New York |publisher=Benziger Brothers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d3NFAQAAMAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref>

The earliest known references to Holy Lance relics date to the 6th century. The ''[[Breviary of Jerusalem]]'' (circa 530) describes the lance on display at the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]].<ref name="Breviary 1897">{{cite book |chapter=The 'Breviary'; or, Short Description of Jerusalem |title=The Epitome of S. Eucherius about Certain Holy Places (circ. A.D.440), and the Breviary or Short Description of Jerusalem (circ. A.D. 530) |series=The Library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society |volume=II |year=1897 |location=London |publisher=Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society |translator-last=Stewart |translator-first=Aubrey |pages=13–16 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534208/ |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref>{{rp|14}}<ref name="Peebles 1911"/>{{rp|57}} In his ''Expositio Psalmorum'' (ca. 540-548),<ref name="O'Donnell 1979">{{cite book |title=Cassiodorus |author-last=O'Donnell |author-first=James J. |date=14 April 1979 |author-link=James J. O'Donnell |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California |isbn=0-520-03646-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/cassiodorus0000odon/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|xv, 131–136}} [[Cassiodorus]] asserts the continued presence of the lance in Jerusalem.<ref name="Cassiodorus 1865">{{cite book |author-last=Cassiodorus |author-first=Magnus Aurelius |author-link=Cassiodorus |contribution=Expositio Psalmum LXXXVI |trans-contribution=Explanation of Psalm 86 |title=Patrologia Latina |editor-last=Migne |editor-first=Jacques Paul |editor-link=Jacques Paul Migne |location=Paris |publisher=Jacques Paul Migne |language=la |volume=LXX |page=col. 621 |no-pp=yes |date=1865 |quote=Ibi manet lancea, quae latus Domini transforavit, ut nobis illius medicina succurreret. |trans-quote=There [Jerusalem] remains the lance which pierced the Lord's side, that his medicine might help us. |contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/patrologiaecurs27goog/page/n325/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> A report by the [[Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza|Piacenza pilgrim]] (ca. 570) places the lance in the [[Church of Zion, Jerusalem|Church of Zion]].<ref name="Piacenza pilgrim 1887">{{cite book |author=Piacenza pilgrim |author-link=Anonymous pilgrim of Piacenza |translator-last=Stewart |translator-first=Aubrey |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=C. W. |title=Of the Holy Places Visited by Antoninus Martyr (Circ. 560–570 A.D.) |date=1887 |series=Library of the Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028534232/ |access-date=2024-02-03 |location=London |publisher=Palestine Pilgrim's Text Society}}</ref>{{rp|18}}<ref name="Jacobs">{{cite web |title=The Piacenza Pilgrim |translator-last=Jacobs |translator-first=Andrew S. |website=Andrew S. Jacobs, Ph.D. |url=https://andrewjacobs.org/translations/piacenzapilgrim.html
|access-date=2024-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106115359/https://andrewjacobs.org/translations/piacenzapilgrim.html |url-status=live |archive-date=2024-01-06}}</ref> [[Gregory of Tours]] described the lance and other relics of the Passion in his ''Libri Miraculorum'' (ca. 574-594).<ref name="Gregory of Tours 1865">{{cite book |author=Gregory of Tours |author-link=Gregory of Tours |contribution=Libri Miraculorum |trans-contribution=Book of Miracles |title=Patrologia Latina |editor-last=Migne |editor-first=Jacques Paul |editor-link=Jacques Paul Migne |location=Paris |publisher=Jacques Paul Migne |language=la |volume=LXXI |page=col. 712 |no-pp=yes |date=1879 |quote=De lancea vero, arundine, spongia, corona spinea et columna, ad quam verberatus est Dominus et Redemptor Hierosolymis, dicendum.  |trans-quote=Let us speak about the lance, the reed, the sponge, the crown of thorns, and the pillar where our Lord and Redeemer was lashed, in Jerusalem. |contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/patrologiaecurs21unkngoog/page/n328/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=So Many Saints--So Little Time...the "Libri Miraculorum" of Gregory of Tours |author-first=Danuta |author-last=Shanzer |journal=The Journal of Medieval Latin |year=2003 |volume=13 |pages=19–60 |publisher=Brepols |doi=10.1484/J.JML.2.304193 |jstor=45019571}}</ref>{{rp|24}}
The holy lance is also supposed to have been stolen from Rome by Alaric and his Visigoths during their plundering in August 410. Therefore it could have been buried together with Alaric among tons of gold, silver and the golden menorah in Cosenza, southern Italy in the fall of 410. Nobody has found Alaric’s tomb and treasure that was probably emptied by the Byzantines, and therefore the holy lance could possibly appear some hundred years later in Jerusalem.

In 614, [[Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem|Jerusalem was captured]] by the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] general [[Shahrbaraz]].<ref name="Chronicon Paschale 2007">{{cite book |title=Chronicon Paschale 284-628 AD |year=2007 |translator1-last=Whitby |translator1-first=Michael |translator1-link=Michael Whitby |translator2-last=Whitby |translator2-first=Mary |url=https://archive.org/details/chronicon-p/ |access-date=2023-08-04 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|156}}  The ''[[Chronicon Paschale]]'' says that the Holy Lance was among the relics captured, but one of Shahrbaraz's associates gave it to [[Nicetas (cousin of Heraclius)|Nicetas]] who brought it to the [[Hagia Sophia]] in [[Constantinople]] later that year.<ref name="Chronicon Paschale 2007"/>{{rp|157}}<ref name="Gastger 2005">{{cite book |author-last=Gastgeber |author-first=Christian |contribution=Die Heilige Lanze im byzantinischen Osten |trans-contribution=The Holy Lance in the Byzantine East |editor-last=Kirchweger |editor-first=Franz |title=Die Heilige Lanze in Wien: Insignie, Reliquie, "Schicksalsspeer" |trans-title=The Holy Lance in Vienna: Insignia, Relic, "Spear of Destiny" |language=de |location=Vienna |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum |date=2005 |pages=52–69}}</ref>{{rp|56}}  However, ''[[De locis sanctis]]'', describing the pilgrimage of [[Arculf]] in 670,  places the lance in Jerusalem, at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.<ref>{{cite book |author=Adomnán of Iona |author-link=Adomnán |title=The Pilgrimage of Arculfus in the Holy Land (About the Year A.D. 670) |translator-last=MacPherson |translator-first=James Rose |publisher=[[Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society]] |location=London |date=1889 |url=https://archive.org/details/ThePilgrimageOfArculfus |access-date=2024-02-17 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|12}}  Arculf is the last of the medieval pilgrims to report the lance in Jerusalem, as [[Willibald]] and [[Bernard the Pilgrim|Bernard]] made no mention of it.<ref name="de Mély 1904">{{cite book |author-first=Fernand |author-last=De Mély |title=Exuviae sacrae constantinopolitanae: la croix des premiers croisés, la Sainte Lance, la Sainte Couronne |trans-title=The Holy Relics of Constantinople: The Cross of the First Crusaders, The Holy Lance, The Holy Crown |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher=Ernest LeRoux |date=1904 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LU-AQAAMAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=2024-02-17}}</ref>{{rp|39}}

By the middle of the 10th century, a lance relic was venerated in Constantinople at the [[Church of the Virgin of the Pharos]].<ref name="Constantine 1897">{{cite book |author=Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus |author-link=Constantine VII |contribution=De cerimoniis aulae Byzantinae, Lib. I, cap. XXXIV |title=Patrologiae Graeca, Vol. CXII |editor-last=Migne |editor-first=Jacques Paul |editor-link=Jacques Paul Migne |location=Paris |publisher=Garnier |at=cols. 419-424 |language=la,el |contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/patrologiaecurs82migngoog/page/n217/mode/1up |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=2024-02-17 |date=1897}}</ref>{{rp|cols. 421–423}}<ref name="Gastger 2005"/>{{rp|58}}<ref name="Morris 1984">{{cite book |author-last=Morris |author-first=Colin |author-link= |contribution=Policy and vision: The case of the Holy Lance found at Antioch |editor1-last=Gillingham |editor1-first=John |editor2-first=J. C. |editor2-last=Holt |title=War and Government in the Middle Ages: Essays in honour of J. O. Prestwich |publisher=Boydell |location=Totowa, NJ |date=1984 |pages=33–45 |isbn=978-0-85115-404-6 |contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/wargovernmentinm0000unse/page/33/mode/1up |access-date=2023-07-27 |url=https://archive.org/details/wargovernmentinm0000unse |url-access=registration |via=[[Internet Archive]] }}</ref>{{rp|35}} The relic was likely viewed by some of the soldiers and clergy participating in the [[First Crusade]], adding to the confusion surrounding the emergence of another Holy Lance at Antioch in 1098.<ref name="Runciman 1950">{{cite journal |author-last=Runicman |author-first=Steven |author-link=Steven Runciman |title=The Holy Lance Found at Antioch |journal=Analecta Bollandiana |volume=68 |date=1950 |pages=197–209 |issn=0003-2468 |doi=10.1484/J.ABOL.4.01033}}</ref>{{rp|200}}  During the [[Siege of Tripoli]], [[Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse|Raymond of Toulose]] reportedly brought the Antioch lance to Constantinople, and presented it to Emperor [[Alexios I Komnenos]].<ref name="Keightley 1852">{{cite book |author-last=Keightley |author-first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Keightley |date=1852 |title=The Crusaders; or, Scenes, Events, and Characters from the Times of the Crusades |edition=4th |location=London |publisher=John W. Parker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfFP2JCfEz0C |access-date=2024-02-17 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>{{rp|185}}<ref name="Gastger 2005"/>{{rp|59–60}}  Scholars disagree on how this presumably awkward situation was resolved. [[Steven Runciman]] argued that the Byzantine court regarded the Antioch relic as a nail (ἧλος), relying on Raymond's ignorance of the Greek language to avoid offending him.<ref name="Runciman 1950"/>{{rp|202}}  Alternatively, Edgar Robert Ashton Sewter believed that Alexios intended to denounce the crusaders' lance as a fraud,<ref name="Anna Komnene 2009">{{cite book |author=Anna Comnena |author-link=Anna Komnene |title=The Alexiad |translator-last=Sewter |translator-first=E. R. A. |location=London |publisher=Penguin |date=2009 |url=https://archive.org/details/sewter-alexiad-2009-ed/ |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=2024-02-17}}</ref>{{rp|526}} and that this was accomplished when Prince [[Bohemond I of Antioch]] was compelled in 1108<ref name="Gastger 2005"/>{{rp|58}} to swear an oath to him on the other lance.<ref name="Anna Komnene 2009"/>{{rp|397}} Whether Alexios kept the Antioch lance or returned it to Raymond is uncertain.<ref name="Runciman 1950"/>{{rp|205–206}} Several 12th century documents state that a single Holy Lance was among the relics at Constantinople, without any details that could identify it as either the crusaders' discovery or the Byzantine spear.<ref name="Riant 1878">{{cite book |contribution=Relliquae Constantinopolitanae |trans-contribution=Relics of Constantinople |language=la |editor-last=Riant |editor-first=Paul |editor-link=Paul Riant |date=1878 |orig-date=c. 1150 |title=Exuvia sacrae constantinopolitanae: fasciculus documentorum ecclesiasticorum, ad byzantina lipsana in Occidentem saeculo XIII translata, spectantium, & historiam quarti belli sacri |trans-title=The Holy Relics of Constantinople: A Collection of Ecclesiastical Documents, Relating to the Byzantine Relics Transferred to the West in the 13th Century, and the History of the Fourth Crusade |volume=II |location=Geneva |pages=211–212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tS8PAQAAMAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=2024-02-18}}</ref><ref name="Nicholas of Thingeyre 1878">{{cite book |author=Nicholas of Thingeyre |contribution=Catalogus reliquiarium C.P. |language=la |editor-last=Riant |editor-first=Paul |editor-link=Paul Riant |date=1878 |orig-date=1157 |title=Exuvia sacrae constantinopolitanae: fasciculus documentorum ecclesiasticorum, ad byzantina lipsana in Occidentem saeculo XIII translata, spectantium, & historiam quarti belli sacri |trans-title=The Holy Relics of Constantinople: A Collection of Ecclesiastical Documents, Relating to the Byzantine Relics Transferred to the West in the 13th Century, and the History of the Fourth Crusade |volume=II |location=Geneva |pages=213–216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tS8PAQAAMAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=2024-02-18}}</ref><ref name="William of Tyre 1878">{{cite book |author=William of Tyre |author-link=William of Tyre |contribution=Historia belli sacri, XX, cap. 23. |trans-contribution=History of the Crusade, book 20, chapter 23 |language=la |editor-last=Riant |editor-first=Paul |editor-link=Paul Riant |date=1878 |orig-date=1171 |title=Exuvia sacrae constantinopolitanae: fasciculus documentorum ecclesiasticorum, ad byzantina lipsana in Occidentem saeculo XIII translata, spectantium, & historiam quarti belli sacri |trans-title=The Holy Relics of Constantinople: A Collection of Ecclesiastical Documents, Relating to the Byzantine Relics Transferred to the West in the 13th Century, and the History of the Fourth Crusade |volume=II |location=Geneva |pages=216 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tS8PAQAAMAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=2024-02-18}}</ref><ref name="William of Tyre 1943">{{cite book |author=William of Tyre |author-link=William of Tyre |title=A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea |volume=II |translator1-last=Babcock |translator1-first=Emily Atwater |translator2-last=Krey |translator2-first=A. C. |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University |date=1943 |url=https://archive.org/details/william-of-tyre-deeds-done-beyond-the-sea-volume-ii/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|381}}<ref name="Anthony of Novgorod">{{cite book |author=Anthony of Novgorod |author-link=Anthony of Novgorod |contribution=Le Livre du Pèlerin |trans-contribution=The Pilgrim's Book |editor-last=de Khitrowo |editor-first=B.   |date=1889 |title=Itinéraires Russes en Orient |trans-title=Russian itineraries in the East |language=fr |pages=88–111 |location=Geneva |publisher=Fick |url=https://archive.org/details/itinerairesrusse00khit |access-date=2024-02-21 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|pp=97–98}}

According to [[Alberic of Trois-Fontaines]], a fragment of the Holy Lance was set into the [[icon]] that [[Alexios V Doukas]] lost in battle with [[Henry of Flanders]] in 1204.<ref name="Alberic 2008">{{cite book |author=Alberic of Trois-Fontaines |author-link=Alberic of Trois-Fontaines |contribution=Chronicle |editor-last=Andrea |editor-first=Alfred J. |translator-last=Andrea |translator-first=Alfred J. |date=2008 |pages=291–309 |title=Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade |edition=Revised |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill}}</ref>{{rp|pp=302–303}} The capture of this icon by Henry's forces was considered important to many contemporary sources on the [[Fourth Crusade]].<ref name="Robert de Clari 2005">{{cite book |author=Robert de Clari |author-link=Robert de Clari |date=2005 |title= The Conquest of Constantinople |translator-last=McNeal |translator-first=Edgar Holmes |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University |url=https://archive.org/details/mc-neal-clari-the-conquest-of-constantinople |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref>{{rp|p=90|at=n.89}}  In addition to the crusaders' report to Pope [[Innocent III]],<ref name="Baldwin I 2008">{{cite book |author=Baldwin I |author-link=Baldwin I, Latin Emperor |contribution=The Registers of Innocent III: Reg 7:152 |editor-last=Andrea |editor-first=Alfred J. |translator-last=Andrea |translator-first=Alfred J. |date=2008 |pages=98–112 |title=Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade |edition=Revised |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill}}</ref>{{rp|p=103}} the incident was documented by [[Geoffrey of Villehardouin]],<ref name="Geoffrey 1985">{{cite book |author=Geoffrey of Villehardouin |author-link=Geoffrey of Villehardouin |date=1985 |contribution=The Conquest of Constantinople |editor-last=Shaw |editor-first=M.R.B. |title=Chronicles of the Crusades |location=New York |publisher=Dorset |isbn=978-0-88029-035-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/chroniclesofcrus0000shaw |access-date=2021-02-21 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|pp=85–86}} the ''[[Devastatio Constantinopolitana]]'',<ref name="Devastatio 2008">{{cite book |contribution=Devastatio of Constantinopolitana |pages=212–221 |editor-last=Andrea |editor-first=Alfred J. |translator-last=Andrea |translator-first=Alfred J. |date=2008 |title=Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade |edition=Revised |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill}}</ref>{{rp|p=220}} [[Niketas Choniates]],<ref name="Niketas Choniates 1984">{{cite book |author=Niketas Choniates |author-link=Niketas Choniates |date=1984 |title=O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates |translator-last=Magoulias |translator-first=Harry J. |location=Detroit |publisher=Wayne State University |url=https://archive.org/details/o-city-of-byzantium-annals-of-niketas-choniates-ttranslated-by-harry-j-magoulias-1984 |access-date=2024-02-21 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|pp=312}} [[Robert de Clari]],<ref name="Robert de Clari 2005"/>{{rp|pp=88–91}} [[Ralph of Coggeshall]],<ref name="Ralph 2008">{{cite book |author=Ralph of Coggeshall |author-link=Ralph of Coggeshall |contribution=Chronicle |editor-last=Andrea |editor-first=Alfred J. |translator-last=Andrea |translator-first=Alfred J. |date=2008 |pages=277–290 |title=Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade |edition=Revised |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill}}</ref>{{rp|pp=285}} and [[Robert of Auxerre]].<ref name="Robert of Auxerre 1822">{{cite book |author=Robert of Auxerre |author-link=Robert of Auxerre |date=1822 |contribution=Ex Chronologia Roberti Altissiodorensis, praemonstratensis ad S. Marianum canonici |editor-last=Bouquet |editor-first=Martin |title=Rerum Gallicarum et Francicarum Scriptores |volume=XVIII |pages=247–290 |language=la |location=Paris |publisher=De L'Imprimerie Royale |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k501368/f311.item.zoom |access-date=2024-02-21 |via=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]}}</ref>{{rp|p=270}} However, none of these sources mention the icon bearing any relics, whereas Alberic claimed it was adorned with the lance fragment, a portion of the [[Shroud of Turin|Holy Shroud]], one of Jesus's [[deciduous teeth]], and other relics from thirty martyrs.<ref name="Alberic 2008"/>{{rp|p=302}}  Modern historians have regarded  Alberic's account with some skepticism, characterizing it as "fanciful"<ref name="Hendrickx 1979">{{cite journal |author1-last=Hendrickx |author1-first=Benjamin |author2-last=Matzukis |author2-first=Corinna |date=1979 |title=Alexios V Doukas Mourtzouphlos: His Life, Reign, and Death (?-1204) |journal=Ελληνικά |trans-journal=Hellenika |volume=31 |pages=108–132 |url=http://media.ems.gr/ekdoseis/ellinika/Ellinika_31_1/ekd_peel_31_1_Hendrickx-C.Matzukis.pdf |via=[[Society for Macedonian Studies]] |access-date=2024-02-21}}</ref>{{rp|p=122|at=n.3}} and "pure invention."<ref name="Queller 1997">{{cite book |author1-last=Queller |author1-first=Donald E. |author2-last=Madden |author2-first=Thomas F. |date=1997 |title=The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople |edition=2 |location=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |isbn=978-0-8122-3387-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/fourthcrusadecon0000quel_m5r1/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|pp=278–279|at=n.128}}  In any case, after the battle the crusaders sent the icon to [[Cîteaux Abbey]],<ref name="Baldwin I 2008"/>{{rp|p=103}}<ref name="Robert de Clari 2005"/>{{rp|p=90}} but there is no record of whether it reached that destination.<ref name="Baldwin I 2008"/>{{rp|p=103|at=n.375}}

[[File:Le Grande Châsse.png|thumb|16th century Illustration of holy relics displayed in the Grande Châsse the Sainte-Chapelle. The cross on the far right is the reliquary for the Holy Lance relic.]]
Following the [[sack of Constantinople]], Robert de Clari described the spoils won by the newly-established [[Latin Empire]], including "the iron of the lance with which Our Lord had His side pierced," in the Church of the Virgin of the Pharos.<ref name="Robert de Clari 2005"/>{{rp|p=103}} However by the 1230s, the Latin Empire's financial state had grown desperate.<ref name="Klein 2004">{{cite journal |author-last=Klein |author-first=Holger A. |title=Eastern Objects and Western Desires: Relics and Reliquaries between Byzantium and the West |journal=Dumberton Oaks Papers |date=2004 |volume=58 |pages=283–314 |publisher=Dumberton Oakes |doi=10.2307/3591389 |jstor=3591389}}</ref>{{rp|p=307}}<ref name="Baldwin II 1878">{{cite book |author=Baldwin II |author-link=Baldwin II, Latin Emperor |date=1878 |orig-date=June 1247 |contribution=Balduinus II Ludovico IX reliquas omnes S. Capella in perpetuum concedit |trans-contribution=Baldwin II grants to Louis IX all the relics of the Saint-Chapelle in perpetuity |language=la |editor-last=Riant |editor-first=Paul |editor-link=Paul Riant |title=Exuvia sacrae constantinopolitanae |trans-title=Holy relics of Constantinople |volume=II |location=Geneva |pages=133–135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tS8PAQAAMAAJ |access-date=2024-02-25 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|134}}  In 1239, [[Baldwin II, Latin Emperor|Baldwin II]] arranged to sell Constantinople's [[crown of thorns|Crown of Thorns]] relic to  King [[Louis IX of France]].<ref name="Klein 2004"/>{{rp|p=307–308}}  Over the next several years, Baldwin sold a total of twenty-two relics to Louis.<ref name="Gastger 2005"/>{{rp|p=62}}<ref name="Baldwin II 1878"/>  The Holy Lance was included in the final lot, which probably arrived at Paris in 1242.<ref name="Klein 2004"/>{{rp|p=307}}<ref name="Gerard 1904">{{cite book |contributor1=Gerard de St. Quentin |contribution=Translatio sancte corone Domini nostri Ihesu Christi a Constantinopolitana urbe ad civitatem Parisiensem, facta anno Domini Mº CCº XLlº |trans-contribution=The transfer of the holy crown of our Lord Jesus Christ from the city of Constantinople to the city of Paris, made in the year of the Lord 1241 |language=la |author-first=Fernand |author-last=De Mély |title=Exuviae sacrae constantinopolitanae: la croix des premiers croisés, la Sainte Lance, la Sainte Couronne |trans-title=The Holy Relics of Constantinople: The Cross of the First Crusaders, The Holy Lance, The Holy Crown |location=Paris |publisher=Ernest LeRoux |date=1904 |orig-date=1241 |pages=102–112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LU-AQAAMAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=2024-02-17}}</ref>{{rp|108}} All of these relics were later enshrined in the [[Sainte Chapelle]]. During the [[French Revolution]] they were removed to the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France|Bibliothèque Nationale]], but the lance subsequently disappeared.<ref name="Thurston 1910"/>

Despite the transfer of the Holy Lance to Paris, various travelers continued to report its presence in Constantinople throughout the [[Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty|late Byzantine period]].<ref name="Brock 1967">{{cite journal |author-last=Brock |author-first=Sebastian P. |author-link=Sebastian Brock |date=1967 |title=A Medieval Armenian Pilgrim's Description of Constantinople |journal=Revue des Études Arméniennes |series=Nouvelle Série [New Series] |trans-journal=Review of Armenian Studies |volume=4 |pages=81–102 |url=https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/REA/1967(4).pdf |access-date=2024-02-25 |via=Union Catalog of Armenian Continuing Resources}}</ref>{{rp|p=88}}<ref name="John Mandeville 1900">{{cite book
|author=John Mandeville |date=1900 |orig-date=ca. 1357-1371 |title=The Travels of John Mandeville: The version of the Cotton Manuscript in modern spelling. |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |url=https://archive.org/details/travelsofsirjohn00manduoft/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|pp=10–11}}<ref name="Anonymous Description 1984">{{cite book |contribution=Anonymous Description of Constantinople |date=1984 |editor-last=Majeska |editor-first=George P. |title=Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |pages=114–154 |url=https://archive.org/details/or-ch-1s-06-1906/George%20P.%20Majeska%20-%20Russian%20Travelers%20to%20Constantinople%20in%20the%20Fourteenth%20and%20Fifteenth%20Centuries/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|p=132}}<ref name="Alexander the Clerk 1984">{{cite book |author=Alexander the Clerk |date=1984 |orig-date=1394–1395 |contribution= Alexander the Clerk: On Constantinople |pages=156–165 |editor-last=Majeska |editor-first=George P. |title=Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |url=https://archive.org/details/or-ch-1s-06-1906/George%20P.%20Majeska%20-%20Russian%20Travelers%20to%20Constantinople%20in%20the%20Fourteenth%20and%20Fifteenth%20Centuries/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|p=160}}<ref name="Clavijo 1859">{{cite book |author-last=Clavijo |author-first=Ruy González de |author-link=Ruy González de Clavijo |date=1859 |orig-date=1403–1406 |title=Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the Court of Timour at Samarcand, A.D. 1403-6 |translator-last=Markham |translator-first=Clements R. |translator-link=Clements Markham |location=London |publisher=Hakluyt Society |isbn=978-0-8337-2234-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVkMAAAAIAAJ |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>{{rp|p=43}}<ref name="Zosima the Deacon 1984">
{{cite book |author=Zosima the Deacon |author-link=:ru:Зосима (иеромонах) |contribution=The Xenos of Zosima the Deacon |pages=166–195 |editor-last=Majeska |editor-first=George P. |title=Russian Travelers to Constantinople in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks |url=https://archive.org/details/or-ch-1s-06-1906/George%20P.%20Majeska%20-%20Russian%20Travelers%20to%20Constantinople%20in%20the%20Fourteenth%20and%20Fifteenth%20Centuries/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|p=86}}<ref name="Buondelmonti 1864">{{cite book |author-last=Buondelmonti |author-first=Cristoforo |author-link=Cristoforo Buondelmonti |date=1864 |orig-date=ca. 1420s |contribution=Descriptio Urbis Constantinopoleos |editor-last=Migne |editor-first=Jacques Paul |title=Patrologiae Graeci, Vol. CXXXIII |publisher=J.-P. Migne |at=cols. 695-708 |language=la |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLrUAAAAMAAJ |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=2024-02-26}}</ref>{{rp|at=col. 701}}<ref name="Lannoy 1878">{{cite book |author-last=Lannoy |author-first=Ghillebert de |author-link=Ghillebert de Lannoy |date=1878 |title=Oeuvres de Ghillebert de Lannoy |editor-last=Potvin |editor-first=Charles |location=Louvain |publisher=Lefever |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k102047r/f3.item |language=fr |via=[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]] |access-date=2024-02-26}}</ref>{{rp|p=11}}<ref name="Tafur 1926">{{cite book |author-link=Pedro Tafur |author-last=Tafur |author-first=Pedro |date=1926 |title=Travels and Adventures 1435-1439 |editor-last=Letts |editor-first=Malcom |location=London |publisher=George Routledge |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505483/ |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=2024-02-26}}</ref>{{rp|p=140}}<ref name="Bertrandon 1807">{{cite book |author=Bertrandon de la Broquière |author-link=Bertrandon de la Broquière |date=1807 |orig-date=1453 |title=The Travels of Bertrandon de la Broquiere, counsellor & first esquire-carver to Philippe le Bon, Duke of Burgundy, to Palestine, and his return from Jerusalem overland to France, during the years 1432 & 1433 |translator-last=Johnes |translator-first=Thomas |translator-link=Thomas Johnes |publisher=Hafod Press |url=https://archive.org/details/TravelsToPalestineAndHisReturnJohnes/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|p=222}}  Of particular interest, [[John Mandeville]] described the lance relics in both Paris and Constantinople, stating that the latter was much larger than the former.<ref name="John Mandeville 1900"/>{{rp|pp=10–11}}  Although the authenticity of Mandeville's travelogue is questionable,<ref name="Kohanski 2007">{{cite book |contribution=Introduction |editor1-last=Kohanski |editor1-first=Tamarah |editor2-last=Benson |editor2-first=C. David |author=John Mandeville |title=The Book of John Mandeville |location=Kalamazoo |publisher=Medieval Institute Publications |contribution-url=https://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/text/kohanski-and-benson-the-book-of-john-mandeville-introduction |url=https://d.lib.rochester.edu/teams/publication/kohanski-and-benson-the-book-of-john-mandeville |via=University of Rochester |access-date=2024-02-27}}</ref> the widespread popularity of the work demonstrates that the existence of multiple Holy Lance relics was public knowledge.<ref name="Kirchweger 2005">{{cite book |author-last=Kirchweger|author-first=Franz |contribution=Die Geschichte der Heiligen Lanze vom späteren Mittelalter bis zum Ende des Heiligen Römischen Reiches (1806) |trans-contribution=The History of the Holy Lance from the Late Middle Ages to the End of the Holy Roman Empire (1806) |editor-last=Kirchweger |editor-first=Franz |title=Die Heilige Lanze in Wien: Insignie, Reliquie, "Schicksalsspeer" |trans-title=The Holy Lance in Vienna: Insignia, Relic, "Spear of Destiny" |language=de |location=Vienna |publisher=Kunsthistorisches Museum |date=2005 |pages=71–109}}</ref>{{rp|p=75}}

[[File:Basilica Sancti Petri 46.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Pope Innocent VIII, transferred from the [[Old St. Peter's Basilica]]. The left hand holds the tip of the holy lance, presented to the Pope by Sultan Bayezid II<ref>[https://stpetersbasilica.info/Monuments/InnocentVIII/InnocentVIII.htm  St. Peter's basilica.info]</ref>.]]
The relics remaining in Constantinople, including the lance, were presumably seized by Sultan [[Mehmed II]] in 1453 when he [[Fall of Constantinople|conquered the city]]. In 1492, his son [[Bayezid II]] sent the lance to [[Pope Innocent VIII]], to encourage the pope to continue to keep his brother and rival [[Cem Sultan|Cem]] prisoner.<ref name="Pastor 1901">{{cite book |author-last=von Pastor |author-first=Ludwig |author-link=Ludwig von Pastor |date=1901 |title=The History of the Popes, from the Close of the Middle Ages. |editor-last=Antrobus |editor-first=Frederick Ignatius |volume=V |edition=2 |location=London |publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofpopesfr05past |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=2023-08-04}}</ref>{{rp|311–318}}<ref name="Thurston 1910"/> At this time great doubts as to its authenticity were felt at Rome, as [[Johann Burchard]] records,<ref name="Burchard 1910">{{cite book |author-last=Burchard |author-first=Johann |author-link=Johann Burchard |title=The Diary of John Burchard of Strasburg Vol. I: A.D. 1483-1492 |translator-last=Matthew |translator-first=Arnold Harris |translator-link=Arnold Mathew |location=London |publisher=Francis Griffiths |date=1910 |pages=337–339 |url=https://archive.org/details/diaryofjohnburch01burc/ |access-date=2023-08-07 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> because of the presence of other rival lances in Paris, Nuremberg (see [[#Vienna|Holy Lance in Vienna]] below), and Armenia (see [[#Holy Lance in Echmiadzin|Holy Lance in Echmiadzin]] below).<ref name="Thurston 1910"/> This relic has never since left Rome, and its resting place is at Saint Peter's.<ref name="Thurston 1910"/>  Innocent's tomb, created by [[Antonio del Pollaiuolo]], features a bronze effigy of the pope holding the spear blade he received from Bayezid.<ref name="Pastor 1901"/>{{rp|321}}

In the mid-18th century [[Pope Benedict XIV]] states that he obtained an exact drawing of the Saint Chapelle lance, to compare it with the spearhead in St. Peter's.  He concluded that former relic was the broken point missing from the latter, and that the two fragments had originally formed one blade.<ref name="Benedict XIV 1840">{{cite book |author=Benedict XIV |author-link=Pope Benedict XIV |title=Doctrina de Servorum Dei Beatificatione et Beatorum Canonizatione |chapter=Book IV, Part II, Chapter XXXI |pages=322–325 |year=1840 |location=Brussels |language=la |publisher=Societatis Belgicae |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MoYPAAAAQAAJ/page/n333/mode/1up |access-date=2023-08-03 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{rp|page=323|quote=Subacta a Mahumete Constantinopoli, Bajazettes ejus filius reliquam lanceae partem, quae Constantinopoli remanserat, Innocentio VIII dono dedit, ut collata figura cuspidis, quae in sacello regio Parisiensi colitur, inventa est omnino conveniens.|translation=Having been captured by Mehmed at Constantinople, his son Bayezid gave the remaining part of the lance, which had remained at Constantinople, as a gift to Innocent VIII, as compared with the shape of the point, which is revered in the chapel of Paris, it was found to be entirely consistent.}}
<gallery widths="165px" heights="200px">
File:Adhémar de Monteil à Antioche.jpeg|A mitred [[Adhémar de Monteil]] carrying one of the instances of the Holy Lance in one of the battles of the [[First Crusade]]
File:Sainte Lance de Rome.jpg|upright=0.6|1898 drawing of the Holy Lance in Rome
</gallery>