Editing Hobart (section)

==Geography==
===Topography===
{{Further|List of Hobart suburbs}}
[[File:LGA Tas SE Hobart.png|thumb|The City of Hobart (green) and Greater Hobart (teal). Greater Hobart covers {{Convert|1695.5|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}, whereas the built-up urban area covers {{Convert|81|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}.]]
Hobart is located on the estuary of the [[River Derwent (Tasmania)|River Derwent]] in the state's south-east. It is built predominantly on Jurassic [[dolerite]] around the foothills interspersed with smaller areas of Triassic [[siltstone]] and Permian [[mudstone]], straddling the [[River Derwent (Tasmania)|River Derwent]].

The Western Shore extends from the [[Derwent Valley, Tasmania|Derwent Valley]] in the northwest through the flatter areas around [[City of Glenorchy|Glenorchy]] (which rests on older Triassic sediment) bounded by peaks averaging around {{convert|1000|m|ft}} (including [[kunanyi / Mount Wellington]], Mt Hull, Mt Faulkner and [[Dromedary, Tasmania|Mt Dromedary]]). The hilly inner areas rest on the younger Jurassic dolerite deposits, before stretching into the lower areas such as the beaches of Sandy Bay in the south, while the [[Hobart City Centre|City]] and [[Kingston, Tasmania|Kingston]] are separated by [[Tolmans Hill, Tasmania|hills]] and [[Taroona]]'s [[Alum Cliffs]]. The Derwent estuary exits into Storm Bay wrapped by the [[South Arm Peninsula]], [[Iron Pot]] and [[Betsey Island]], with [[Turrakana|Turrakana / Tasman Peninsula]] and [[Bruny Island]] beyond.

The Eastern Shore also extends from the Derwent in a southeasterly direction hugging the [[Meehan Range]] (which hovers around {{convert|400|m|ft}} with distinctive summits such as [[Mount Direction]], [[Flagstaff Hill, Tasmania|Flagstaff Hill]] and [[Gunners Quoin]] towards the irregular valleys of [[Brighton Council (Tasmania)|Brighton]]) before sprawling into flatter land in suburbs such as Bellerive. These flatter areas of the eastern shore rest on far younger Quaternary deposits. From there the city wraps around the estuary to peninsulas and extends across the hills in an easterly direction into the valley area of [[Rokeby, Tasmania|Rokeby]], before reaching into the tidal flatland area of [[Lauderdale, Tasmania|Lauderdale]] (between [[Ralphs Bay]] and [[Frederick Henry Bay]]).

Hobart has access to a number of beach areas including those in the Derwent estuary itself: [[Long Beach, Tasmania|Long Beach]], [[Nutgrove Beach, Tasmania|Nutgrove Beach]], [[Bellerive Beach, Tasmania|Bellerive Beach]], Cornelian Bay, Kingston, and Howrah Beaches, as well as many more in [[Frederick Henry Bay]] such as [[Seven Mile Beach, Tasmania|Seven Mile]], Roaches, Cremorne, Clifton and Goats Beaches.
[[File:Hobart Wide Pano (6465217029).jpg|thumb|center|700x700px|Panorama of the Hobart metropolitan area from [[Mount Stuart, Tasmania|Mount Stuart]]. In the background is [[Mount Direction]] with the [[Jordan River (Tasmania)|Jordan River]] valley to the left and [[Shag Bay]] to the right]]

===Ecology===
[[File:Richea scoparia (23098905232).jpg|thumb|''[[Richea scoparia]]'' flowering on kunanyi / Mount Wellington]]
Hobart is located on the edge of the [[Tasmanian South East]] and [[Tasmanian Southern Ranges]] [[IBRA]] bioregions as well as being surrounded by parts of the [[South-east Tasmania Important Bird Area]] (such as the [[Meehan Range|Meehan]] and [[Wellington Range]]s) which provide important habitat for [[List of birds of Tasmania|Tasmanian birds]]. The [[East Risdon State Reserve]] contains the wattles [[Acacia derwentiana|Derwent cascade]] and ''[[Acacia riceana]]'', as well as the rare or endangered [[Eucalyptus risdonii|Risdon peppermint]] and ''[[Eucalyptus morrisbyi]]''. Other local plant species like [[Eucalyptus cordata|heartleaf silver gum]] and the abundant [[Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus|blue gum]] are also planted horticulturally, while many exotic species were planted as a result of aesthetic preferences from British colonisation. [[Eucalyptus amygdalina|Black peppermint]], [[Eucalyptus tenuiramis|silver peppermint]], [[Acacia dealbata|blue wattle]], [[Acacia melanoxylon|blackwood]], [[Allocasuarina verticillata|drooping sheoak]] and [[Exocarpos cupressiformis|cherry ballart]] are another common woodland combination.

[[Threatened species]] of wildlife found in Hobart include the [[swift parrot]], [[grey goshawk]], [[Tasmanian masked owl]], [[eastern barred bandicoot]] and [[eastern quoll]]. These amount to 11 species of fauna, 10 of flora and 4 vegetation communities. 5 of the threatened species are [[endemic]] to Hobart.<ref>{{cite web |title=Threatened species |url=https://www.hobartcity.com.au/City-services/Environment/Threatened-species |website=City of Hobart |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref> A common sight within the city are [[Tasmanian pademelon|pademelons]] and [[Notamacropus rufogriseus|wallabies]], and the [[Hobart Rivulet]] is home to [[platypuses]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Help protect our platypuses |url=https://www.hobartcity.com.au/City-services/Environment/Help-protect-our-platypuses |website=City of Hobart |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref> Wildlife groups and road safety advocates have highlighted the role of slower speeds in reducing urban roadkill and traffic injuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=What can I do? |url=https://www.bonorong.com.au/what-can-i-do |website=Bonorong Wildlife Sanctuary |access-date=4 July 2024}}</ref>

While parts of [[kunanyi|kunanyi / Mt Wellington]] have been cleared in the past (and species like [[celery top pine]] were allegedly present), stands of [[Tasmanian temperate forests|old-growth]] [[Eucalyptus viminalis|white gums]] accompanied by giant [[Eucalyptus obliqua|stringybarks]] (such as the [[Eucalyptus delegatensis|Octopus tree]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Octopus Tree |url=https://listthemountain.org/living-wonders/octopus-tree |website=List the Mountain |date=29 June 2023 |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref> remain there. A rare patch of non-[[sclerophyll]] [[Tasmanian rainforest]] dominated by [[Nothofagus cunninghamii|myrtle beech]] and [[Atherosperma|blackheart sassafras]] is located near [[Collinsvale, Tasmania|Collinsvale]]. A famous tree within the [[Hobart City Centre|city of Hobart]] is the [[Anglesea Barracks]] blue gum which may have been a seedling before the [[History of Hobart|colonial era]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cutting |first1=Lucie |title=In a quirky artefact of past practice, this Anglesea Barracks blue gum was filled with concrete |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-09/blue-gum-at-anglesea-barracks-concrete-heart/102559148 |access-date=23 June 2024 |agency=ABC News |date=9 July 2023}}</ref>

===Climate===
[[File:Hobart-Winter wonderland (51 of 54) 2015.jpg|thumb|Snow in Hobart, 2015. While [[Rain and snow mixed|sleet]] is not rare in Hobart during the colder months, and many outer suburbs receive snow frequently, snow is rare in the inner suburbs.]]
Hobart has a cool to mild [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''; [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]]: ''Cflk'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tapper |first1=Andrew |last2=Tapper |first2=Nigel |title=The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Melbourne, Australia |isbn=0-19-553393-3 |edition=1st |editor=Gray, Kathleen |page=300}}</ref> The highest temperature recorded was {{convert|41.8|°C}} on [[Angry Summer|4 January 2013]] and the lowest was {{convert|−2.8|°C}} on 25 June 1972 and 11 July 1981.<ref name="BoM" /> By global standards, Hobart has cool summers and mild winters for its latitude, being influenced by its seaside location. Nevertheless, the strong northerly winds from the Australian outback ensure that Hobart experiences temperatures above {{convert|35|C|F}} most years.<ref name=ClimateDataOnline>{{cite web|url=https://reg.bom.gov.au/climate/data/|title=Climate Data Online - Map search|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref> 

Annually, Hobart receives only 40.8 clear days. Compared to other major Australian cities, Hobart has the fewest daily average hours of sunshine, with only 5.9 hours per day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/ |title=Australia's official weather forecasts & weather radar |website=Bureau of Meteorology |access-date=1 March 2006 |archive-date=12 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912140134/http://www.bom.gov.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, during the summer it has the most hours of daylight of any Australian city, with 15.3 hours on the summer solstice.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sunrisesunsetmap.com/ |title=Worldwide sunrise, sunset, moonrise and moonset times for 2018 & 2019 |website=sunrisesunsetmap.com |access-date=2020-01-31 |archive-date=31 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131130323/https://sunrisesunsetmap.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hobart has nonetheless exceptionally sunny winters by Tasmanian standards, where its sun hours in June and July exceed those of [[Wagga Wagga]] in New South Wales (especially when accounting for latitudinal day length). [[Strathgordon, Tasmania|Strathgordon]] at the same latitude averages only 51 and 62 sun hours in June and July (compared with Hobart's 132 and 152 hours). This is due to the [[southeast Australian foehn|foehn effect]] created by the [[Central Highlands (Tasmania)|Central Highlands]] to the west.

Light [[frost]] occurs most years, though [[freezes|air frosts]] are uncommon.<ref name=ClimateDataOnline/> Although Hobart itself rarely receives [[snow in Australia|snow]] due to the foehn effect, the adjacent [[Mount Wellington (Tasmania)|kunanyi / Mount Wellington]] is frequently seen with a snowcap throughout the year. During the 20th century, the city itself has received snowfalls at sea level on average only once every 5 years; however, outer suburbs lying higher on the slopes of Mount Wellington receive snow more often, owing to the more exposed location coupled with their higher altitude. These snow-bearing winds often carry on through Tasmania and southern [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], to the [[Snowy Mountains]] in north-east Victoria and southern [[New South Wales]] (though to a much lesser degree outside of winter). Nevertheless, [[Rain and snow mixed|sleet]] can occur in Hobart from June to September.  

Average sea temperatures range from {{convert|12.5|°C}} in September to {{convert|16.5|°C}} in February.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/hobart.htm |title=Hobart Water Temperatures |website=World Sea Temperatures |access-date=1 June 2017 |archive-date=5 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705113055/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/hobart.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Hobart weatherbox}}
{{Weather box
| location = [[Hobart Airport]] ([[Cambridge, Tasmania|Cambridge]])
| collapsed = Yes
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 41.4
| Feb record high C = 39.8
| Mar record high C = 38.1
| Apr record high C = 31.8
| May record high C = 25.6
| Jun record high C = 19.6
| Jul record high C = 20.4
| Aug record high C = 23.7
| Sep record high C = 31.1
| Oct record high C = 33.4
| Nov record high C = 38.5
| Dec record high C = 40.8
| year record high C = 41.4
| Jan high C = 23.1
| Feb high C = 22.5
| Mar high C = 21.1
| Apr high C = 18.2
| May high C = 15.6
| Jun high C = 13.2
| Jul high C = 13.0
| Aug high C = 13.9
| Sep high C = 15.7
| Oct high C = 17.7
| Nov high C = 19.5
| Dec high C = 21.4
| year high C = 17.9
| Jan low C = 12.6
| Feb low C = 12.4
| Mar low C = 11.0
| Apr low C = 8.8
| May low C = 6.9
| Jun low C = 4.9
| Jul low C = 4.4
| Aug low C = 5.0
| Sep low C = 6.4
| Oct low C = 7.9
| Nov low C = 9.7
| Dec low C = 11.2
| year low C = 8.4
| Jan record low C = 3.7
| Feb record low C = 3.4
| Mar record low C = 2.2
| Apr record low C = -0.6
| May record low C = −2.2
| Jun record low C = −3.9
| Jul record low C = −3.2
| Aug record low C = −2.0
| Sep record low C = −2.3
| Oct record low C = −1.0
| Nov record low C = 1.7
| Dec record low C = 2.7
| year record low C = -3.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 40.7
| Feb rain mm = 35.2
| Mar rain mm = 34.1
| Apr rain mm = 35.6
| May rain mm = 30.4
| Jun rain mm = 38.9
| Jul rain mm = 33.8
| Aug rain mm = 46.0
| Sep rain mm = 39.8
| Oct rain mm = 40.2
| Nov rain mm = 42.2
| Dec rain mm = 46.6
| year rain mm = 463.5
| unit rain days = 0.2 mm
| Jan rain days = 9.0
| Feb rain days = 8.8
| Mar rain days = 10.3
| Apr rain days = 10.1
| May rain days = 10.3
| Jun rain days = 11.4
| Jul rain days = 13.0
| Aug rain days = 13.6
| Sep rain days = 13.9
| Oct rain days = 13.3
| Nov rain days = 12.4
| Dec rain days = 11.3
| year rain days = 137.4
|humidity colour=green
| Jan afthumidity = 49
| Feb afthumidity = 51
| Mar afthumidity = 50
| Apr afthumidity = 54
| May afthumidity = 57
| Jun afthumidity = 62
| Jul afthumidity = 60
| Aug afthumidity = 55
| Sep afthumidity = 52
| Oct afthumidity = 50
| Nov afthumidity = 50
| Dec afthumidity = 47
| year humidity = 53
| source 1 = [[Bureau of Meteorology]] (1991–2020 averages)<ref name="BoMAirport1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=094008&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |title=Climate statistics: Hobart Airport |website=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=14 August 2022}}</ref>
| source 2 = Extremes 1958–present<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_094008_All.shtml |title=Hobart Airport monthly climate statistics |website=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=14 August 2022 |archive-date=24 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324195812/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_094008_All.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
|-
! colspan="14" |Climate data for Hobart
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
! style="border-left-width:medium" |Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °C (°F)
| style="background:#F0F0FF;color:#000000;" |16.9<br />(62.4)
| style="background:#F0F0FF;color:#000000;" |16.4<br />(61.5)
| style="background:#F0F0FF;color:#000000;" |16.4<br />(61.5)
| style="background:#E1E1FF;color:#000000;" |15.4<br />(59.7)
| style="background:#D2D2FF;color:#000000;" |14.6<br />(58.3)
| style="background:#C3C3FF;color:#000000;" |13.6<br />(56.5)
| style="background:#B4B4FF;color:#000000;" |12.9<br />(55.2)
| style="background:#B4B4FF;color:#000000;" |12.7<br />(54.9)
| style="background:#B4B4FF;color:#000000;" |12.7<br />(54.9)
| style="background:#C3C3FF;color:#000000;" |13.1<br />(55.6)
| style="background:#D2D2FF;color:#000000;" |14.4<br />(57.9)
| style="background:#E1E1FF;color:#000000;" |15.9<br />(60.6)
| style="background:#D2D2FF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium" |14.6<br />(58.3)
|-
!Mean daily daylight hours
| style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;" |15.0
| style="background:#FFFF55;color:#000000;" |14.0
| style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;" |12.0
| style="background:#F7F722;color:#000000;" |11.0
| style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;" |10.0
| style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;" |9.0
| style="background:#E9E900;color:#000000;" |9.0
| style="background:#F0F011;color:#000000;" |10.0
| style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;" |12.0
| style="background:#FFFF44;color:#000000;" |13.0
| style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;" |15.0
| style="background:#FFFF66;color:#000000;" |15.0
| style="background:#FFFF34;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium" |12.1
|-
!Average [[Ultraviolet index]]
| style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;"|11
| style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;" |9
| style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;" |6
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;" |4
| style="background:#289500;color:#000000;" |2
| style="background:#289500;color:#000000;" |1
| style="background:#289500;color:#000000;" |1
| style="background:#289500;color:#000000;" |2
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;" |4
| style="background:#f85900;color:#000000;" |6
| style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;" |8
| style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;" |10
| style="background:#f7e400;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium" |5.3
|-
! colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;" |Source: Weather Atlas,<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/australia/hobart-climate |title=Hobart, Australia - Climate data |website=Weather Atlas |access-date=23 January 2019 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428065602/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/australia/hobart-climate |url-status=live }}</ref> ''seatemperature.org''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/hobart-january.htm |title=Hobart average sea temperature |website=seatemperature.org |access-date=September 18, 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407170638/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/hobart-january.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}