Editing History of Taiwan (section)

== Dutch and Spanish colonies (1624–1668)==
[[File:Dutch and Spanish Taiwan.png|right|thumb|Taiwan in the 17th century, showing Dutch (magenta) and Spanish (green) possessions, and the [[Kingdom of Middag]] (orange)]]

===Contact and establishment===
{{Main|Dutch Formosa}}
[[File:赤嵌夕照.jpg|thumb|Chinese depiction of Chikan ([[Fort Provintia]]), 1752]]
The name Formosa (福爾摩沙) dates from 1542, when [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Portuguese Empire|sailors]] noted it on their [[Portolan chart|maps]] as ''Ilha Formosa'' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "''beautiful island''"). In 1582, the survivors of a Portuguese shipwreck spent 45 days battling [[malaria]] and aborigines before returning to [[Macau]].{{sfnp|Borao Mateo|2002|pp=2–9}}{{sfn|Andrade|2008a}}

The [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) came to the area in search of an Asian trade and military base. Defeated by the Portuguese at the [[Battle of Macau]] in 1622, they attempted to occupy [[Penghu]], but were [[Sino–Dutch conflicts|driven off by the Ming authorities]] in 1624. They then built [[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Fort Zeelandia]] on the islet of Tayowan off the southwest coast. On the adjacent mainland, they built a smaller brick fort, [[Fort Provintia]].{{sfnp|Wills|2006|pp=88–89}}

===Piracy===
The Europeans worked with and also fought against Chinese pirates. The pirate Li Dan mediated between Ming Chinese forces and the Dutch at Penghu, leading to the Dutch relocating to Taiwan. At this time it became common for Chinese pirates in the Taiwan strait to sell protection guarantees ([[racketeering]]). In one case fishermen paid 10 percent of their catch to the Li Dan's son for a document guaranteeing their safety. On discovering this, the VOC also entered the protection business; this was one of the first taxes levied on the colony. In July 1626, the Council of Formosa ordered all Chinese individuals living or trading in Taiwan to obtain a license to "distinguish the pirates from the traders and workers". This residence permit eventually became a head tax and major source of income for the Dutch.{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}}

[[Zheng Zhilong]] supplanted Li Dan as the region's most influential pirate in 1625. Like Li Dan before him, he worked with the Dutch, even at times pillaging under the Dutch flag. At his peak, he commandeered a fleet of tens of thousands of men, according to Fujianese officials. Recognizing his large fleet of superior European-style ships, the Chinese asked the Dutch for help against Zheng. Company officials were told that if they refused their help, their main Chinese trading partner, Xu Xinsu, would no longer be permitted to trade with the company but would instead "be destroyed along with his entire family." The Dutch agreed, but acted too late, and Zheng sacked the city of Xiamen. Now considering Zheng too powerful to fight against, in 1628 Chinese authorities awarded him with an official title and imperial rank to appease him. Zheng became the "Patrolling Admiral" responsible for clearing the coast of pirates, and eliminated his competitors.{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}} In the summer of 1633, a Dutch fleet and the pirate Liu Xiang carried out a successful [[Battle of Liaoluo Bay#Dutch surprise attack|sneak attack]], destroying Zheng's fleet.{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}} On 22 October 1633, Zheng forces lured the Dutch fleet and their pirate allies into an ambush and [[Battle of Liaoluo Bay#Chinese counterattack|defeated them]].{{sfn|Wong|2017|p=50}}{{sfn|Onnekink|2019|p=79}} The Dutch reconciled with Zheng and he arranged for more Chinese trade in Taiwan. In 1637, Liu was defeated by Zheng.{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}}

===Japanese trade===
The Japanese had been trading for Chinese products in Taiwan since before the Dutch arrived in 1624. In 1609, the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] sent an exploratory mission to the island.{{sfnp|Wills|2006}} In 1616, [[Murayama Tōan]] sent 13 vessels to conquer Taiwan. The fleet was dispersed by a typhoon.{{sfnp|Huang|2005|loc=Chapter 3}}<ref>{{cite book | title=Theories and Methods in Japanese Studies: Current State and Future Developments (Papers in Honor of Josef Kreiner) | editor-first=Hans Dieter | editor-last=Ölschleger | location=Göttingen | publisher=Bonn University Press via V&R Unipress | year=2007 | isbn=978-3-89971-355-8 | chapter=Recent Trends in Scholarship on the History of Ryukyu's Relations with China and Japan | chapter-url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/j/gjs4/Smits_bonn06_Revised.pdf | first=Gregory | last=Smits | pages=215–228 | access-date=2012-04-04 | archive-date=2012-03-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302074408/http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/j/gjs4/Smits_bonn06_Revised.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1625, Batavia ordered the governor of Taiwan to prevent the Japanese from trading because they paid more for silk. The Dutch also restricted Japanese trade with the Ming dynasty.{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}} The loss of Japanese trade made trade in Taiwan far less profitable. After 1635, the shogun forbade Japanese from going abroad and eliminated the Japanese threat to the company. The VOC expanded into previous Japanese markets in Southeast Asia.{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}}

===Spanish Formosa===
{{Main|Spanish Formosa}}

In 1626, the [[Spanish Empire]], viewing the Dutch presence on Taiwan as a threat to [[Spanish Philippines|their colony in the Philippines]], established a settlement at [[Santísima Trinidad (Taiwan)|Santísima Trinidad]] on the northeast coast (modern [[Keelung]]), building Fort San Salvador. They also built [[Fort Santo Domingo]] in the northwest (modern [[Tamsui]]) in 1629 but abandoned it by 1638 due to conflicts with the local population. The small colony was plagued by disease, faced hostile locals, and received little support from [[Manila]], who viewed the fortresses as a drain on their resources.{{sfnp|Wills|2006|p=91}}

In August 1641, the Dutch and their native allies [[Battle of San Salvador (1641)|tried to take the Spanish fortresses]] manned by a small Spanish-Kampanpagan-Cagayano force but abandoned the attempt when the commander realised they had insufficient cannon to mount a successful siege.{{sfn|Andrade|2008e}} In August 1642, a [[Battle of San Salvador (1642)|second Dutch invasion]] with a larger and better equipped force succeeded in capturing the forts.{{sfnp|Borao Mateo|2002|pp=329–333}}{{sfnp|Blusse|Everts|2000|pp=300–309}} The Spanish as well as Filipinos plus Hispanic-Americans, who had manned the fortresses, dispersed to live with the natives or retreated to the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mawson |first=Stephanie J. |date=August 2016 |title=Convicts or Conquistadores ? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific |journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]] |language=en |issue=232 |pages=87–125 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtw008 |issn=0031-2746 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Dutch colonization===
[[Image:Zeelandia-environs.png|thumb|The villages around Fort Zeelandia]]
[[File:Atlas Blaeu-Van der Hem - Taioan.jpg|thumb|Bird's eye view of [[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Fort Zeelandia]] in [[Dutch Formosa]] in the 17th-century]]
{{see also|Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa}}
	
According to Salvador Diaz, a pirate informant who worked in the protection racket business with ties to the Portuguese, initially there were only 320 Dutch soldiers and they were "short, miserable, and very dirty."{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}} Conditions were probably not as bad as described by Diaz. Dutch records state that there were 450 soldiers in 1626.{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}} Dutch ships wrecked at Liuqiu in 1624 and 1631; their crews were killed by the inhabitants.{{sfn|Blussé|2000|p=144–145}} In 1633, an expedition consisting of 250 Dutch soldiers, 40 Chinese pirates, and 250 Taiwanese natives were sent against Liuqiu Island but met with little success.{{sfn|Blussé|2000}}

The Dutch allied with Sinkan, a small village that provided them with firewood, venison and fish.{{sfnp|van Veen|2003|p=142}} In 1625, they bought land from the Sinkanders and built the town of [[Fort Provintia|Sakam]] for Dutch and Chinese merchants.{{sfnp|Shepherd|1993|p=37}} Initially the other villages maintained peace with the Dutch. In 1625, the Dutch attacked 170 Chinese pirates in Wankan but were driven off. Encouraged by the Dutch failure, Mattau warriors raided Sinkan. The Dutch returned and drove off the pirates. The people of Sinkan then attacked Mattau and Baccluan, and sought protection from Japan. In 1629, [[Pieter Nuyts]] visited Sinkan with 60 musketeers. After Nuyts left, the musketeers were killed in an ambush by Mattau and Soulang warriors.{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}} On 23 November 1629, an expedition set out and burned most of Baccluan, killing many of its people, who the Dutch believed harbored proponents of the previous massacre. Baccluan, Mattau, and Soulang people continued to harass company employees until late 1633 when Mattau and Soulang went to war with each other.{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}}

In 1635, 475 soldiers from Batavia arrived in Taiwan.{{sfnp|van Veen|2003|p=149}} By this point even Sinkan was on bad terms with the Dutch. Soldiers were sent into the village and arrested those who plotted rebellion. In the winter of 1635 the Dutch defeated Mattau and Baccluan. In 1636, a large expedition was sent against Liuqiu Island. The Dutch and their allies chased about 300 inhabitants into caves, sealed the entrances, and killed them with poisonous fumes. The native population of 1100 was removed from the island.{{sfnp|Blusse|Everts|2000}} They were enslaved with the men sent to Batavia while the women and children became servants and wives for the Dutch officers. The Dutch planned to depopulate the outlying islands.{{sfnp|Everts|2000|pp=151–155}} The villages of Taccariang, Soulang, and Tevorang were also pacified.{{sfn|Andrade|2008b}} In 1642, the Dutch massacred the people of Liuqiu island again.<ref name=LeeYuchung>{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Yuchung |title=荷西時期總論 (Dutch and Spanish period of Taiwan) |url=http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=1214 |publisher=Council for Cultural Affairs |access-date=29 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002944/http://taiwanpedia.culture.tw/en/content?ID=1214 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Dutch estimated in 1650 that there were around 50,000 natives in the western plains region;{{sfnb|Shepherd|1993}} the Dutch Formosa ruled around "315 tribal villages with a total population of around 68,600, estimated 40–50% of the entire indigenes of the island".{{sfnb|Tai|2007|p=246}} The Dutch tried to convince the natives to give up hunting and adopt sedentary farming but their efforts were unsuccessful.{{sfnb|Shepherd|1993|p=366}} The VOC administered the island and its predominantly aboriginal population until 1662. They set up a tax system and schools to teach [[Romanization|romanized script]] of [[Formosan languages]] and [[Evangelism|evangelize Christianity]].{{sfnp|Campbell|1915}}{{sfnp|Blusse|Everts|2000}} They tried to teach the native children the [[Dutch language]] but the effort was abandoned after failing to produce good results.{{sfnb|Everts|2000|p=151}} The native Taiwanese religion was primarily [[animism|animist]]. Practices like mandatory abortion, marital infidelity, nakedness, and non-observation of the [[Christian Sabbath]] were considered sinful. The Bible was translated into the native languages. This was the first entrance of Christianity into Taiwan.{{sfnb|Tai|2007|p=246}}

The Dutch levied a tax on all imports and exports. A tax was also levied on every non-Dutch person above the age of six. This poll tax was highly unpopular and the cause the major insurrections in 1640 and 1652. A tax was imposed on hunting through licenses for pit-traps and snaring.{{sfnb|Roy|2003|p=16}}<ref name="p. 71">Huang, C 2011, 'Taiwan under the Dutch' in A new history of Taiwan, The Central News Agency, Taipei, p. 71.</ref> Although its control was mainly limited to the western plain of the island, the Dutch systems were adopted by succeeding occupiers.{{sfnp|Shepherd|1993|pp=1–29}} The Dutch originally sought to use their castle Zeelandia at Tayowan as a trading base between Japan and China, but soon realized the potential of the huge deer populations that roamed Taiwan's western regions.{{sfnp|Shepherd|1993}}

===Chinese settlers===
[[File:1640 Map of Formosa-Taiwan by Dutch 荷蘭人所繪福爾摩沙-臺灣.jpg|thumb|Map of Taiwan with the western coast pointed downwards, c. 1640]]
[[File:RBSeite53.jpg|thumb|Depiction of a Chinese man, woman, and soldier, by Georg Franz Müller (1646–1723)]]
	
The VOC encouraged Chinese migration to Taiwan and provided a military and administrative structure for Chinese immigration. It advertised to the Chinese a number of economic benefits and even paid them to move to Taiwan. Thousands of Chinese, mostly young single men, became rice and sugar planters.{{sfnp|Keliher|2003|p=32}}{{sfn|Andrade|2008f}}

In 1625, the company started advertising Provintia as a site of settlement. The next year the town caught fire and both the Chinese and company personnel left. In 1629, the natives of Mattau and Soulang attacked Sakam and chased away the inhabitants of Provintia. In 1632, the company encouraged the Chinese to plant sugarcane in Sakam.{{sfn|Andrade|2008f}} In the spring of 1635, 300 Chinese laborers arrived. The Chinese initially cultivated rice but lost interest in the crop by 1639 due to lack of access to water. This was addressed in the early 1640s and rice production resumed. Various industries sprung up and in the 1640s the Dutch began to tax them, causing some discontent.{{sfn|Andrade|2008f}} After 1648, nearly all company revenue came from the Chinese.{{sfn|Andrade|2008i}}

The Chinese were allowed to own property in a limited area. The Dutch attempted to prevent the Chinese from mingling with the natives.{{sfn|Andrade|2008f}} The natives traded meat and hides for salt, iron, and clothing from Chinese traders. In 1634 the Dutch ordered the Chinese to sell deerskins to only the company. By 1636, Chinese hunters were entering previously native lands cleared by the Dutch. Commercial hunters replaced the natives and by 1638 the future of the deer population was in question. Restrictions on hunting were implemented.{{sfn|Andrade|2008g}}

In 1636, Favorolang, the largest aboriginal village north of Mattau, killed three Chinese and wounded several others. From August to November, Favrolangers appeared near Fort Zeelandia and captured a Chinese fishing vessel. The next year the Dutch and their native allies defeated Favorolang. The expedition was paid for by the Chinese populace. When peace negotiations failed, the Dutch blamed a group of Chinese at Favorolang. The Favorolangers continued their attacks until 1638. In 1640 an incident involving the capture of a Favorolang leader and the ensuing death of three Dutch hunters near Favorolang resulted in the banning of Chinese hunters from Favorolang territory. The Dutch blamed the Chinese and orders were given to restrict Chinese residency and travel. No Chinese vessel was allowed around Taiwan unless it carried a license. An expedition was ordered to chase away the Chinese from the land and to subjugate the natives to the north. In November 1642, an expedition set out northward, killing 19 natives and 11 Chinese. A policy banning any Chinese from living north of Mattau was implemented. Later the Chinese were allowed to conduct trade in Favorolang with a permit. The Favorolangers were told to capture any Chinese who did not possess a permit.{{sfn|Andrade|2008g}}

In the late 1630s, Batavia started pressuring the authority in Taiwan to increase revenues. The Dutch started collecting voluntary donations from the Chinese. In addition to a 10 percent tax on numerous products and real estate sales, they also implemented a residency-permit tax. Chinese settlers began protesting the residency tax, that the Dutch harassed them for pay.{{sfn|Andrade|2008h}} The Dutch thought the Chinese were exploiting the natives by selling at high prices.{{sfn|Andrade|2008h}} The sale of rights to trade with aborigines was not just a way to raise profits but to keep track of the Chinese and prevent them from mingling with the natives.{{sfn|Andrade|2008h}}

On 8 September 1652, a Chinese farmer, [[Guo Huaiyi]], and an army of peasants [[Guo Huaiyi rebellion|attacked Sakam]]. Most of the Dutch were able to find refuge but others were captured and executed. Over the next two days, natives and Dutch killed around 500 Chinese. On 11 September, four or five thousand Chinese rebels clashed with the company soldiers and their native allies. The rebels fled; some 4,000 Chinese were killed.{{sfn|Andrade|2008h}} The rebellion and its ensuing massacre destroyed the rural labor force. Although the crops survived almost unscathed, there was a below average harvest for 1653. However thousands of Chinese migrated to Taiwan due to war on the mainland and a modest recovery of agriculture occurred. Anti-Chinese measures increased. Natives were reminded to watch the Chinese and not to engage with them. However, in terms of military preparations, little was done.{{sfn|Andrade|2008i}} In May 1654, Fort Zeelandia was afflicted by locusts, a plague, and an earthquake.{{sfn|Andrade|2008j}}

===End of Dutch rule===
[[File:The Portrait of Koxinga.jpg|thumb|Mid-17th century portrait of [[Koxinga]] (''Guoxingye'' or "Kok seng ia" in southern Fujianese), "Lord of the Imperial Surname"]]

[[Zheng Chenggong]], known in Dutch sources as Koxinga, was the son of famed priate Zheng Zilong and his Japanese wife [[Tagawa Matsu]]. He studied at the Imperial Academy in [[Nanjing]]. When [[Jiashen Incident|Beijing fell]] in 1644 to rebels, Chenggong and his followers declared their loyalty to the [[Ming dynasty]] and he was bestowed the title Guoxingye (Lord of the Imperial surname). Chenggong continued the resistance against the Qing from [[Xiamen]]. In 1650 he planned a major offensive from [[Guangdong]]. The Qing deployed a large army to the area and Chenggong decided to ferry his army along the coast but a storm hindered his movements. The Qing launched a surprise attack on Xiamen, forcing him to return to protect it. From 1656 to 1658 he planned to take Nanjing. Chenggong encircled Nanjing on 24 August 1659. Qing reinforcements arrived and broke Chenggong's army, forcing them to retreat to Xiamen. In 1660 the Qing embarked on a coastal evacuation policy to starve Chenggong of his source of livelihood.{{sfn|Andrade|2008j}} Some of the rebels during the Guo Huaiyi rebellion had expected aid from Chenggong and some company officials believed that the rebellion had been incited by him.{{sfn|Andrade|2008j}}

In the spring of 1655 no silk junks arrived in Taiwan. Some company officials suspected that this was a plan by Chenggong to harm them. In 1655, the governor of Taiwan received a letter from Chenggong referring to the Chinese in Taiwan as his subjects. He commanded them to stop trading with the Spanish. Chenggong directly addressed the Chinese leaders in Taiwan rather than Dutch authorities, stating that he would withhold his junks from trading in Taiwan if the Dutch would not guarantee their safety. Chenggong had increased foreign trade by sending junks to various regions and Batavia was wary of this competition. Batavia sent a small fleet to Southeast Asian ports to intercept Chenggong's junks. One junk was captured but another junk managed to escape.{{sfn|Andrade|2008j}}
The Taiwanese trade slowed and for several months in late 1655 and early 1656 not a single Chinese vessel arrived in Tayouan. Even low-cost goods grew scarce and the value of aboriginal products fell. The system of selling Chinese merchants the right to trade in aboriginal villages fell apart. On 9 July 1656, a junk flying Chenggong's flag arrived at Fort Zeelandia. Chenggong wrote that he was angry with the Dutch but since Chinese people lived in Taiwan, he would allow them to trade on the Chinese coast for 100 days so long as only Taiwanese products were sold. Chinese merchants began leaving. Chenggong confiscated a Chinese junk from Tayouan trading pepper in Xiamen, causing Chinese merchants to abort their trade voyages. Chinese merchants refused to buy the company's foreign wares and even sold their own foreign wares, causing prices to collapse.{{sfn|Andrade|2008j}}

Chinese merchants in aboriginal villages ran out of goods to trade for aboriginal products. Chinese farmers also suffered due to the exodus of Chinese. By the end of 1656, Chinese farmers were asking for relief from debts and many could barely find food for themselves.{{sfn|Andrade|2008j}}

[[File:Die Festung Selandia auff Teowan.jpg|thumb|[[Siege of Fort Zeelandia]]]]
Chenggong retreated from his stronghold in Amoy ([[Xiamen]] city) and attacked the [[Dutch Formosa|Dutch colony]] in Taiwan in the hope of establishing a strategic base to marshal his troops to retake his base at Amoy. On 23 March 1661, Zheng's fleet set sail from [[Kinmen]] with a fleet carrying around 25,000 soldiers and sailors. The fleet arrived at Tayouan on 2 April. Zheng's forces routed 240 Dutch soldiers at Baxemboy Island in the Bay of Taiwan and landed at the bay of ''Luermen''.{{sfnp|Clodfelter|2017|p=63}}{{sfnp|Campbell|1903|p=544}} Three Dutch ships attacked the Chinese junks and destroyed several until their main warship exploded. The remaining ships were unable to keep Zheng from controlling the waters around Taiwan.{{sfn|Andrade|2011a|p=138}}{{sfnp|Campbell|1903|p=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023514403/page/n499/mode/2up 482]}}

On 4 April, Fort Provintia surrendered to Zheng's forces. Following a nine-month siege, Chenggong captured the Dutch fortress [[Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)|Zeelandia]] and established a base in Taiwan.{{sfnp|Clements|2004|pp=188–201}} The Dutch held out at Keelung until 1668 when they withdrew from Taiwan completely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Blussé |first1=Leonard |title=Pioneers or cattle for the slaughterhouse? A rejoinder to A.R.T. Kemasang |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |date=1 January 1989 |volume=145 |issue=2 |page=357 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90003260|s2cid=57527820 }}</ref>{{sfn|Andrade|2016|p=207}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hang |first1=Xing |title=Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720 |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1316453841 |page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154}}</ref>