Editing History of Southeast Asia (section)

===Paleolithic===
{{See also|Archaic humans in Southeast Asia|Peopling of Southeast Asia|Negrito}}
[[File:The main entrance to the Niah Caves at sunset..jpg|thumb|left|[[Niah National Park|Niah Cave]] entrance at sunset]]
The region was already inhabited by ''[[Homo erectus]]'' from approximately 1,500,000 years ago during the [[Middle Pleistocene]] age.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=First Islanders: Prehistory and Human Migration in Island Southeast Asia|date=2017-04-10|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=978-1-119-25154-5|edition=1|language=en}}</ref> Data analysis of stone tool [[Assemblage (archaeology)|assemblages]] and fossil discoveries from [[Indonesia]], [[South China|Southern China]], the [[Philippines]], [[Sri Lanka]] and more recently [[Cambodia]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.d.dccam.org/Projects/Genocide/pdf/Speaker_Series_(5).pdf |title=Results of New Research at La-ang Spean Prehistoric Site |publisher=dccam org |access-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> and [[Malaysia]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j4NR2q7FWeVMwDjWVzYcF_R4qXEg |title=Malaysian scientists find stone tools 'oldest in Southeast Asia' |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=31 January 2009 |access-date=2 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218222617/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j4NR2q7FWeVMwDjWVzYcF_R4qXEg |archive-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> has established ''Homo erectus'' migration routes and episodes of presence as early as 120,000 years ago, with even older isolated finds dating back to 1.8 million years ago.{{sfnm|1a1=Swisher|1y=1994|2a1=Dennell|2y=2010|2p=262}}{{sfn|Dennell|2010|p=266|ps=, citing {{harvnb|Morwood|2003}}}} [[Java Man]] (''Homo erectus erectus'') and ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'' both discovered on Indonesia’s islands, attest to a sustained regional presence and isolation, long enough for notable diversification of the species' specifics. [[Rock art]] (parietal art) dating from 40,000 to 60,000 years ago (which is currently the world's oldest) has been discovered in the caves of [[Sulawesi]] and [[Borneo]] ([[Kalimantan]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aubert |first=M. |display-authors=et al. |date=11 December 2019 |title=Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art. |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7787 |pages=442–445 |bibcode=2019Natur.576..442A |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y |pmid=31827284 |s2cid=209311825}}</ref><ref>[https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/11/the-worlds-oldest-figurative-drawing-depicts-a-wounded-animal/ Kiona N. Smith (11/9/2018) What the world’s oldest figurative drawing reveals about human migration]</ref> ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'' also lived in the area up until at least 50,000 years ago, after which they became extinct.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Morwood, M. J.|author2=Brown, P.|author3=Jatmiko|author4=Sutikna, T.|author5=Wahyu Saptomo, E.|author6=Westaway, K. E.|author7=Rokus Awe Due|author8=Roberts, R. G.|author9=Maeda, T.|author10=Wasisto, S.|author11=Djubiantono, T.|date=13 October 2005|title=Further evidence for small-bodied hominins from the Late Pleistocene of Flores, Indonesia|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=437|issue=7061|pages=1012–1017|bibcode=2005Natur.437.1012M|doi=10.1038/nature04022|pmid=16229067|s2cid=4302539}}</ref> Distinct ''[[Human|Homo sapiens]]'' groups, ancestral to East-Eurasian (East Asian-related) populations, and South-Eurasian (Papuan-related) populations, reached the region by 50,000{{Nbsp}}BCE to 70,000{{Nbsp}}BCE, with some arguing earlier.<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lipson |first1=Mark |last2=Reich |first2=David |date=April 2017 |title=A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=889–902 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msw293 |issn=0737-4038 |pmc=5400393 |pmid=28074030}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=20 August 2012 |title=Oldest bones from modern humans in Asia discovered |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/oldest-bones-from-modern-humans-in-asia-discovered/ |access-date=21 August 2016 |publisher=CBSNews}}</ref> These immigrants might have, to some extent, merged and reproduced with members of the archaic population of ''[[Homo erectus]]'', as the fossil discoveries in the [[Tam Pa Ling Cave]] suggest.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Demeter |first1=Fabrice |last2=Shackelford |first2=Laura |last3=Westaway |first3=Kira |last4=Duringer |first4=Philippe |last5=Bacon |first5=Anne-Marie |last6=Ponche |first6=Jean-Luc |last7=Wu |first7=Xiujie |last8=Sayavongkhamdy |first8=Thongsa |last9=Zhao |first9=Jian-Xin |last10=Barnes |first10=Lani |last11=Boyon |first11=Marc |last12=Sichanthongtip |first12=Phonephanh |last13=Sénégas |first13=Frank |last14=Karpoff |first14=Anne-Marie |last15=Patole-Edoumba |first15=Elise |date=7 April 2015 |title=Early Modern Humans and Morphological Variation in Southeast Asia: Fossil Evidence from Tam Pa Ling, Laos |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=e0121193 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1021193D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0121193 |pmc=4388508 |pmid=25849125 |doi-access=free |last16=Coppens |first16=Yves |last17=Braga |first17=José |last18=Macchiarelli |first18=Roberto}}</ref> During much of this time the present-day islands of western Indonesia were joined into a single landmass known as [[Sundaland]] due to lower sea levels.

[[File:Leang Panninge genetic.png|upright=1.1|thumb|Genetic difference between Leang Panninge(one [[Holocene]] hunter-gatherer in Maritime Southeast Asia) and East and southeast Asian and Near Oceanian groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carlhoff|first1=Selina|last2=Duli|first2=Akin|last3=Nägele|first3=Kathrin|last4=Nur|first4=Muhammad|last5=Skov|first5=Laurits|last6=Sumantri|first6=Iwan|last7=Oktaviana|first7=Adhi Agus|last8=Hakim|first8=Budianto|last9=Burhan|first9=Basran|last10=Syahdar|first10=Fardi Ali|last11=McGahan|first11=David P.|date=August 2021|title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=596|issue=7873|pages=543–547|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6|issn=1476-4687|pmid=34433944|pmc=8387238|bibcode=2021Natur.596..543C|hdl-access=free|hdl=10072/407535}}</ref>]]
Ancient remains of hunter-gatherers in Maritime Southeast Asia, such as one [[Holocene]] hunter-gatherer from cave of Leang Panninge in [[South Sulawesi]], had ancestry from both the South-Eurasian lineage (represented by [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuans]] and [[Aboriginal Australians]]), and the East-Eurasian lineage (represented by [[East Asian people|East Asians]]). The hunter-gatherer individual had approximately 50% "Basal-East Asian" ancestry and was positioned in between modern East Asians and Papuans of Oceania. The authors writing about the individual concluded that East Asian-related ancestry expanded from [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] into [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] much earlier than previously suggested, as early as 25,000{{Nbsp}}BCE, long before the expansion of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] groups.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carlhoff|first1=Selina|last2=Duli|first2=Akin|last3=Nägele|first3=Kathrin|last4=Nur|first4=Muhammad|last5=Skov|first5=Laurits|last6=Sumantri|first6=Iwan|last7=Oktaviana|first7=Adhi Agus|last8=Hakim|first8=Budianto|last9=Burhan|first9=Basran|last10=Syahdar|first10=Fardi Ali|last11=McGahan|first11=David P.|date=August 2021|title=Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=596|issue=7873|pages=543–547|doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6 |pmc=8387238 |issn=1476-4687|pmid=34433944|bibcode=2021Natur.596..543C|quote=The [[qpGraph]] analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c, Supplementary Figs. 7–11).|hdl-access=free|hdl=10072/407535|s2cid=237305537}}</ref>

Distinctive [[East Asian people|Basal-East Asian]] (East-Eurasian) ancestry was recently found to have originated in [[Mainland Southeast Asia]] at ~50,000{{Nbsp}}BCE, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively. Geneflow of East-Eurasian ancestry into [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]] is estimated to ~25,000{{Nbsp}}BCE (possibly as early as 50,000{{Nbsp}}BCE). The pre-[[Neolithic]] South-Eurasian populations of Maritime Southeast Asia were largely replaced by the expansion of various East-Eurasian populations, beginning about 25,000{{Nbsp}}BCE from [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]. Southeast Asia was dominated by East Asian-related ancestry already in 15,000{{Nbsp}}BCE, predating the expansion of [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Austronesian peoples]].<ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"/>

[[File:Peopling of eurasia.jpg|thumb|left|Representation of the [[Southern Dispersal|coastal migration model]], with the indication of the later development of [[Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup|mitochondrial haplogroups]]]]
Ocean drops of up to {{convert|120|m|ft|2|abbr=on}} below the present level during [[Pleistocene]] glacial periods revealed the vast lowlands known as [[Sundaland]], enabling hunter-gatherer populations to freely access insular Southeast Asia via extensive terrestrial corridors. Modern human presence in the [[Niah National Park|Niah cave]] on [[East Malaysia]] dates back to 40,000 years&nbsp;[[Before Present|BP]], although archaeological documentation of the early settlement period suggests only brief occupation phases.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barker|first1=Graeme|last2=Barton|first2=Huw|last3=Bird|first3=Michael|last4=Daly|first4=Patrick|last5=Datan|first5=Ipoi|last6=Dykes|first6=Alan|last7=Farr|first7=Lucy|last8=Gilbertson|first8=David|last9=Harrisson|first9=Barbara|last10=Hunt|first10=Chris|last11=Higham|first11=Tom|last12=Kealhofer|first12=Lisa|last13=Krigbaum|first13=John|last14=Lewis|first14=Helen|last15=McLaren|first15=Sue|last16=Paz|first16=Victor|last17=Pike|first17=Alistair|last18=Piper|first18=Phil|last19=Pyatt|first19=Brian|last20=Rabett|first20=Ryan|last21=Reynolds|first21=Tim|last22=Rose|first22=Jim|last23=Rushworth|first23=Garry|last24=Stephens|first24=Mark|last25=Stringer|first25=Chris|last26=Thompson|first26=Jill|last27=Turney|first27=Chris|title=The 'human revolution' in lowland tropical Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo)|journal=Journal of Human Evolution|date=March 2007|volume=52|issue=3|pages=243–261|doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.011|pmid=17161859|bibcode=2007JHumE..52..243B }}</ref> However, author [[Charles Higham (archaeologist)|Charles Higham]] argues that despite glacial periods, modern humans were able to cross the sea barrier beyond [[Java]] and [[Timor]], who around 45,000 years ago left traces in the [[New Guinea Highlands|Ivane Valley]] in eastern [[New Guinea]] "at an altitude of {{convert|2000|m|ft|2|abbr=on}} exploiting [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]] and [[pandanus]], hunting and making stone tools between 43,000 and 49,000 years ago."<ref name="Higham Prehistory">{{cite web|author=Charles Higham|title=Hunter-Gatherers in Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to the Present|url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2050&context=humbiol|access-date=2 January 2017|newspaper=Digitalcommons}}</ref>

The oldest habitation discovered in the [[Philippines]] is located at the [[Tabon Caves]] and dates back to approximately 50,000 years BP. Items found there such as burial jars, earthenware, jade ornaments and other jewellery, stone tools, animal bones and human fossils date back to 47,000 years&nbsp;BP. Unearthed human remains are approximately 24,000 years old.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1860/ |title=The Tabon Cave Complex and all of Lipuun – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |newspaper=Whc.unesco.org |access-date= 22 February 2017}}</ref>

Signs of an early tradition are discernible in the [[Hoabinhian]], the name given to an industry and cultural continuity of stone tools and flaked cobble artefacts that appear around 10,000&nbsp;BP in caves and rock shelters first described in [[Hòa Bình district|Hòa Bình]], [[Vietnam]], and later documented in [[Terengganu]], [[Malaysia]], [[Sumatra]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[Cambodia]] and [[Yunnan]], southern [[China]]. Research emphasises considerable variations in quality and nature of the artefacts, influenced by region-specific environmental conditions and proximity and access to local resources. The Hoabinhian culture accounts for the first verified ritual burials in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Marwick|first=B.|title=Multiple Optima in Hoabinhian flaked stone artifact palaeoeconomics and palaeoecology at two archaeological sites in Northwest Thailand |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology|date=2013 |volume=32|issue=4|pages=553–564|doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2013.08.004|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ji|first1=Xueping|last2=Kuman|first2=Kathleen|last3=Clarke|first3=R.J.|last4=Forestier|first4=Hubert|last5=Li|first5=Yinghua|last6=Ma|first6=Juan|last7=Qiu|first7=Kaiwei|last8=Li|first8=Hao|last9=Wu|first9=Yun|title=The oldest Hoabinhian technocomplex in Asia (43.5 ka) at Xiaodong rockshelter, Yunnan Province, southwest China|journal=Quaternary International|date=1 December 2015|volume=400|pages=166–174|doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.080|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287966708|access-date=2 January 2017|bibcode=2016QuInt.400..166J}}</ref>