Editing History of Scotland (section)

==Post-Roman Scotland==
{{Main|Scotland in the Early Middle Ages}}
[[File:Pictish stone strathpeffer eagle.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Clach an Tiompain]], a Pictish symbol stone in [[Strathpeffer]]]]
In the centuries after the departure of the Romans from Britain, there were four groups within the borders of what is now Scotland. In the east were the Picts, with kingdoms between the river Forth and Shetland. In the late 6th century the dominant force was the Kingdom of [[Fortriu]], whose lands were centred on [[Strathearn]] and [[Menteith]] and who raided along the eastern coast into modern England.<ref name=Smyth1989pp43-6/> In the west were the Gaelic ([[Goidelic]])-speaking people of [[Dál Riata]] with their royal fortress at [[Dunadd]] in Argyll, with close links with the island of Ireland, from whom comes the name Scots.<ref name="Smyth1989pp43-6">{{Harvp|Smyth|1989|pages=43–46}}.</ref> In the south was the British (Brythonic) [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]], descendants of the peoples of the Roman-influenced kingdoms of "[[Hen Ogledd]]" (Old north), often named Alt Clut, the Brythonic name for their capital at [[Dumbarton Rock]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Macquarrie |first=Alan |title=Medieval Scotland: Crown, Lordship and Community, Essays Presented to G. W. S. Barrow |date=1993 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-74-861110-2 |editor-last=Grant |editor-first=Alexander |page=8 |chapter=The kings of Strathclyde, c. 400–1018 |ol=9381534M |editor-last2=Stringer |editor-first2=Keith J.}}</ref> Finally, there were the English or "Angles", Germanic invaders who had overrun much of southern Britain and held the Kingdom of [[Bernicia]], in the south-east.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Alexander |title=The Construction of the Early Scottish State |date=2001}} in {{Harvp|Maddicott|Palliser|2001}}.</ref> The first English king in the historical record is [[Ida of Bernicia|Ida]], who is said to have obtained the throne and the kingdom about 547.<ref>{{Harvp|Yorke|2002|pages=75–77}}.</ref> Ida's grandson, Æthelfrith, united his kingdom with [[Deira]] to the south to form Northumbria around the year 604. There were changes of dynasty, and the kingdom was divided, but it was re-united under Æthelfrith's son [[Oswald of Northumbria|Oswald]] (r. 634–642).<ref>{{Harvp|Yorke|2002|p=78}}.</ref>

Scotland was largely converted to Christianity by Irish-Scots missions associated with figures such as [[St Columba]], from the fifth to the seventh centuries. These missions tended to found [[monastery|monastic]] institutions and collegiate churches that served large areas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Clancy |first=Thomas Owen |title=Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500-1297: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Ogilvie Anderson on the Occasion of Her Ninetieth Birthday (Medieval Studies) |date=2000 |publisher=Four Courts |isbn=978-1-85-182516-5 |editor-last=Taylor |editor-first=Simon |location=Dublin |pages=95–96 |chapter=The Scottish provenance of the 'Nennian' recension of Historia Brittonum and the Lebor Bretnach |ol=8972444M |author-link=Thomas Owen Clancy}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Smyth|1989|pp=82–83}}.</ref> Partly as a result of these factors, some scholars have identified a distinctive form of [[Celtic Christianity]], in which [[abbot]]s were more significant than bishops, attitudes to [[clerical celibacy]] were more relaxed and there were some significant differences in practice with Roman Christianity, particularly the form of [[tonsure]] and the method of [[Computus|calculating Easter]], although most of these issues had been resolved by the mid-7th century.<ref name="Evans1985">{{Cite book |last=Evans |first=Claude |title=The Anglo-Saxons, Synthesis and Achievement |date=1985 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |isbn=978-0-88-920166-8 |editor-last=Woods |editor-first=J. Douglas |pages=77–89 |chapter=The Celtic Church in Anglo-Saxon times |ol=8212672M |editor-last2=Pelteret |editor-first2=David A. E.}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Corning|2006}}.</ref>