Editing History of Colombia (section)

=== Pre-Columbian history ===
[[File:PreColumbian American cultures.png|thumb|Major areas of pre-Columbian civilization in the Americas:
{{legend|#4747a1|[[North American Arctic|Arctic]]}}
{{legend|#50828e|[[Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast|Northwest]]}}
{{legend|#40895d|[[Aridoamerica]]}}
{{legend|#b4581b|[[Mesoamerica]]}}
{{legend|#548434|'''[[Isthmo-Colombian]]'''}}
{{legend|#b1c759|[[Caribbean]]}}
{{legend|#b94343|[[Amazon basin|Amazon]]}}
{{legend|#8b782a|[[Inca Empire|Andes]]}}
]]
{{main|Spanish conquest of New Granada|Spanish conquest of the Muisca}}
[[File:TISQUESUSA1.jpg|thumb|left|250px| The main leader of the Muisca on the [[Bogotá savanna]] at the time of conquest was Tisquesusa. He led numerous efforts to resist the Spanish invasion but was eventually killed in battle. His nephew, [[Sagipa]], succeeded him and soon submitted to the conquistadors.]]

Europeans first visited the territory that became Colombia in 1499 when the first expedition of [[Alonso de Ojeda]] arrived at the [[Cabo de la Vela]]. The [[Spain|Spanish]] made several attempts to settle along the north coast of today's Colombia in the early 16th century, but their first permanent settlement, at [[Santa Marta]], dates from 1525. The Spanish commander Pedro de Heredia founded [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] on June 1, 1533, in the former location of the indigenous Caribbean Calamarí village. Cartagena grew rapidly, fueled first by the gold in the tombs of the [[Zenú|Sinú]] culture, and later by trade. The thirst for gold and land lured Spanish explorers to visit Chibchan-speaking areas; resulting in the [[Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations]] - the [[conquest (military)|conquest]] by the [[Spanish monarchy]] of the [[Chibcha language]]-speaking nations, mainly the [[Muisca people|Muisca]] and [[Tairona]] who inhabited present-day [[Colombia]], beginning the [[Spanish colonization of the Americas]].<ref name=EREMITE>[http://www.eremite.demon.co.uk/Tairona/1pages/seca/a2tsatconq.html Tairona Heritage Trust: Tairona history to the time of the Spanish Invasion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020054333/http://www.eremite.demon.co.uk/Tairona/1pages/seca/a2tsatconq.html |date=2016-10-20 }} Tairona Heritage Trust Accessed 21 August 2007.</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = left
| caption_align = center
| image1 = QUEMUENCHATOCHA.jpg
| width1 = 143
| alt1 = Quemuenchatocha
| link1 = Quemuenchatocha
| caption1  = [[Quemuenchatocha]]<br /><small>(† 1537)</small>
| image2 = AQUIMINZAQUE.jpg
| width2 = 140
| alt2 = Aquiminzaque
| link2 = Aquiminzaque
| caption2 = [[Aquiminzaque]]<br /><small>(† 1539)</small>
| footer = Aquiminzaque, as successor of Quemuenchatocha, defeated in his home in [[Tunja|Hunza]], on August 20, 1537, was the last sovereign ruler of the Muisca and was decapitated by the Spanish, as would happen to [[Túpac Amaru]] of the [[Inca Empire|Inca]], 34 years later.
| footer_align = center
}}
The Spanish advance inland from the Caribbean coast began independently from three different directions, under [[Jimenéz de Quesáda]], [[Sebastián de Benalcázar]] (known in Colombia as Belalcázar), and [[Nikolaus Federmann]]. Although the Indian treasures drew all three, none intended to reach the [[Muisca people|Muisca]] territory where they finally met.<ref>Lonely Planet, "History of Colombia", http://www.lonelyplanet.com/colombia/history {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014107/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/colombia/history |date=2020-11-27 }}. Accessed 6 May 2013.</ref> In August 1538, Quesáda founded Santa Fe de [[Bogotá]] on the site of Muisca village of Bacatá.

In 1549, the institution of the Spanish Royal [[Audiencia Real|Audiencia]] in Bogotá gave that city the status of capital of [[New Kingdom of Granada|New Granada]], which comprised in large part what is now the territory of Colombia. As early as the 1500s, however, secret anti-Spanish discontentment was already brewing for Colombians since Spain prohibited direct trade between the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]], which included [[Colombia]], and the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], which included the Philippines, the source of Asian products like silk and porcelain which was in demand in the Americas. Illegal trade between Peruvians, Filipinos, and Mexicans continued in secret, as smuggled Asian goods ended up in [[Córdoba Department|Córdoba, Colombia]], the distribution center for illegal Asian imports, due to the collusion between these peoples against the authorities in Spain. They settled and traded with each other while disobeying the forced Spanish monopoly in more expensive silks and porcelain made in homeland Spain.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1515/sai-2022-0008 | title=El Galeón de Manila y el comercio de Asia: Encuentro de culturas y sistemas | journal=Interacción Sino-Iberoamericana / Sino-Iberoamerican Interaction | date=March 2022 | volume=2 | issue=1 | pages=85–109 | last1=Villamar | first1=Cuauhtemoc | s2cid=249318172 | doi-access=free }}</ref>  In 1717, the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] was originally created, and then it was temporarily removed, to finally be reestablished in 1739. Felipe Salonga a rebel Filipino who mixed Christianity with Islam and was from the formerly Muslim kingdom Manila and who was implicated in the [[Tondo Conspiracy]], was presumably exiled to the location of what is now the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada]] (Named after a formerly Islamic kingdom in Spain) in the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada he fomented opposition against Spain among the oppressed Native Americas.<ref>(Title: The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, V7, 1588-1591. Author: Emma Helen Blair) [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13701/13701-h/13701-h.htm "Don Phelipe Salonga, chief of the village of Polo, was sentenced to exile in Nueva España for six years. Half of his property was to be set aside for the treasury of the king, our sovereign, and half for judicial expenses. He and the fiscal appealed to the royal Audiencia; but the case was returned to the captain-general, in order that justice might be done." (Page 97)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206132007/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/13701/13701-h/13701-h.htm |date=2024-12-06 }} AGI, Fil., 18a, 7, no.4. Letter from the Audiencia of Manila. Manila, May 20, 1589.</ref> The viceroyalty had Santa Fé de Bogotá as its capital. This viceroyalty included some other provinces of northwestern South America which had previously been under the jurisdiction of the [[New Spain|viceroyalties of New Spain]] or [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Peru]] and correspond mainly to today's [[Venezuela]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Panama]]. [[Bogotá]] became one of the principal administrative centers of the Spanish possessions in the New World, along with [[Lima, Peru|Lima]] and [[Mexico City]].

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