Editing Historical capitals of China (section)

== Chronology ==
{| class=wikitable
!colspan=2| [[Dynasties in Chinese history|Dynasty]] / Government !! Capital !! Period !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=17 | '''[[Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors]]''' || '''[[Nüwa]]''' ||  ||  || 
|-
| '''[[Youchao]]''' ||  ||   
|-
| '''[[Suiren]]''' ||  ||  || 
|-
| '''[[Zhurong]]''' ||  ||  || 
|-
| '''[[Fuxi]]''' || [[Huaiyang County|Chen]]<br>陳 || c. 2852–2737 BC || 
|-
| '''[[Shennong]]''' / '''[[Yan Emperor]]''' || [[Qufu|Lu]]<br>魯 || c. 2737–2699 BC || 
|-
| '''[[Yellow Emperor]]''' || [[Xinzheng|Xuanyuan]]<br>軒轅 || c. 2699–2588 BC || 
|-
| '''[[Taihao]]''' || [[Huaiyang County|Wanqiu]]<br>宛丘 ||  || 
|-
| '''[[Shaohao]]''' || [[Qufu|Qiongsang]]<br>窮桑 || c. 2587–2491 BC || 
|-
| '''[[Gonggong]]''' ||  ||  || 
|-
| rowspan=2| '''[[Zhuanxu]]''' || [[Gaoyang County|Gaoyang]]<br>高陽 || c. 2490 BC – 25th century BC || 
|-
| [[Puyang|Diqiu]]<br>帝丘 || c. 25th century BC – 2413 BC || 
|-
| rowspan=2| '''[[Emperor Ku|Ku]]''' || [[Puyang|Diqiu]]<br>帝丘 || c. 2412 BC – 24th century BC || 
|-
| [[Yanshi|Bo]]<br>亳 || c. 24th century BC – 2343 BC || 
|-
| '''[[Emperor Zhi|Zhi]]''' || [[Bo'ai County|Qinghua]]<br>清化 || c. 2343–2333 BC || 
|-
| '''[[Emperor Yao|Yao]]''' || [[Linfen|Pingyang]]<br>平陽 || c. 2333–2234 BC || 
|-
| '''[[Emperor Shun|Shun]]''' || [[Yongji, Shanxi|Puban]]<br>蒲坂 || c. 2233–2184 BC || 
|-
| rowspan=13 colspan=2 | '''[[Xia dynasty]]''' || [[Xia County|Daxia]]<br>大夏 || rowspan=2| [[Gun (Chinese mythology)|Gun]] || 
|-
| [[Song County|Song]]<br>嵩 ||
|-
| [[Yangcheng (historical city)|Yangcheng]]<br>陽城 || [[Yu the Great|Yu]]<ref>李玉潔. [2003] (2003). 中國早期國家性質. 知書房出版集團. {{ISBN|986-7938-17-8}}, {{ISBN|978-986-7938-17-6}}.</ref> ||
|-
| [[Yuzhou,, Henan|Yangzhai]]<br>陽翟 || [[Yu the Great|Yu]], [[Qi of Xia|Qi]], [[Tai Kang|Taikang]] || 
|-
| Chu<br>鉏 || [[Hou Yi]] ||
|-
| [[Luoyang|Qiongshi]]<br>窮石 || [[Hou Yi]], [[Hanzhuo]] ||
|-
| [[Zhenxun|Zhen]]<br>斟 || [[Tai Kang|Taikang]], [[Zhong Kang|Zhongkang]] ||
|-
| [[Puyang|Diqiu]]<br>帝丘 || [[Xiang of Xia|Xiang]], [[Shao Kang|Shaokang]] ||
|-
| [[Jiyuan|Yuan]]<br>原 || [[Zhu of Xia|Zhu]] ||
|-
| [[Kaifeng|Laoqiu]]<br>老丘 || [[Zhu of Xia|Zhu]] to [[Jiong of Xia|Jiong]] ||
|-
| [[Anyang|Xihe]]<br>西河 || [[Jin of Xia|Jin]] to [[Fa of Xia|Fa]] ||
|-
| [[Zhenxun|Zhen]]<br>斟 || [[Jie of Xia|Jie]] ||
|-
| Henan<br>河南 || [[Jie of Xia|Jie]]<ref name="ba">Bamboo annals Xia chapter on Xia Jie under the name Gui (癸).</ref> ||
|-
| rowspan=16 colspan=2 | '''[[Shang dynasty]]''' || Bo<br>亳 || [[Tang of Shang|Tang]]<ref name="ba" /> ||
|-
| Fan<br>蕃 || Xie ||
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| Dishi<br>砥石 || Zhaoming ||
|-
| Shang<br>商 || Zhaoming ||
|-
| Shangqiu<br>商邱 || Xiangtu ||
|-
| Foot of [[Mount Tai]]<br>泰山麓 || Xiangtu ||
|-
| Shangqiu<br>商邱 || Xiangtu ||
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| [[Yinxu|Yin]]<br>殷 || Shanghou ||
|-
| Shangqiu<br>商邱 || Yinhou ||
|-
| Bo<br>"西"亳 || Tang ||
|-
| Xiao<br>囂 || [[Zhong Ding|Zhongding]] ||
|-
| [[Neihuang County|Xiang]]<br>相 || [[He Dan Jia|Hedanjia]] ||
|-
| [[Xingtai|Xing]]<br>邢 || [[Zu Yi|Zuyi]] ||
|-
| [[Yuncheng County|Bi]]<br>庇 || Zuyi ||
|-
| [[Qufu|Yan]]<br>奄 || [[Nan Geng|Nangeng]] ||
|-
| [[Yinxu|Yin]]<br>殷 || [[Pan Geng|Pangeng]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''[[Zhou dynasty]]'''
| rowspan=2 |'''[[Western Zhou]]'''|| [[Xi'an|Zongzhou]]<br>宗周 || 1046 BC – 771 BC || Western capital
|-
| [[Luoyang|Chengzhou]]<br>成周 || 1039 BC – 771 BC || Eastern capital(auxiliary capital)
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''[[Eastern Zhou]]''' || [[Luoyang|Chengzhou]]<br>成周 || 770 BC – 367 BC ||
|-
| Henan<br>河南 || 367 BC – 256 BC || capital of the '''Western Zhou State'''
|-
| Gong<br>鞏 || 367 BC – 249 BC || capital of the '''Eastern Zhou State'''
|-
| rowspan=6 colspan=2 | '''[[Qin dynasty]]''' || [[Tianshui|Xiquanqiu]]<br>西犬丘 || ||
|-
| [[Baoji|Pingyang]]<br>平陽 ||  – 677 BC ||
|-
| [[Fengxiang County|Yong]]<br>雍 || 677 BC –  ||
|-
| [[Jingyang County|Jingyang]]<br>涇陽 ||  – 383 BC ||
|-
| [[Yueyang (Qin)|Yueyang]]<!--NOT Liyang; cf. Zdic--><br>櫟陽 || 383 BC – 250 BC ||
|-
| [[Xianyang]]<br>咸陽 || 350 BC – 207 BC ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''[[Han dynasty]]''' || rowspan=3 |'''Western Han''' || [[Luoyang]]<br>雒陽 || 202 BC ||
|-
| [[Yueyang (Qin)|Yueyang]]<!--NOT Liyang; cf. Zdic--><br>櫟陽 || 202 BC – 200 BC ||
|-
| [[Chang'an]]<br>長安 || 200 BC – 8 BC ||
|-
| colspan=2| '''[[Xin dynasty]]''' || [[Chang'an]]<br>常安 || AD 8–23 ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''[[Han dynasty]]''' || rowspan=3 |'''Eastern Han''' || [[Luoyang]]<br>雒陽 || AD 25–190 ||
|-
| [[Chang'an]]<br>長安 || 191–195 ||
|-
| [[Xuchang|Xu]]<br>許 || 196–220 ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''[[Three Kingdoms|Three Kingdoms period]]''' || '''[[Cao Wei]]''' || [[Luoyang]]<br>洛陽 || 220–265 ||
|-
| '''[[Shu Han]]''' || [[Chengdu]]<br>成都 || 221–263 ||
|-
| '''[[Eastern Wu]]''' || [[Jiankang|Jianye]]<br>建業 || 227–279 ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''[[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]]''' || rowspan=2 |'''Western Jin''' || [[Luoyang]]<br>洛陽 || 265–313 ||
|-
| [[Chang'an]]<br>長安 || 313–316 ||
|-
| '''Eastern Jin''' || [[Jiankang]]<br>建康 || 317–420 ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | '''[[Northern dynasties]]''' || rowspan=2 | '''[[Northern Wei]]''' || [[Datong|Pingcheng]]<br>平城 || 386–493 ||
|-
| [[Luoyang]]<br>洛陽 || 493–534 ||
|-
|'''[[Eastern Wei]]'''
|[[Ye, China|Ye]]<br>鄴 || 534–550 ||
|-
|'''[[Western Wei]]'''
|[[Chang'an]]<br>長安 || 535–557 ||
|-
| '''[[Northern Qi]]''' || [[Ye (ancient China)|Ye]]<br>鄴 || 550–577 ||
|-
| '''[[Northern Zhou]]''' || [[Chang'an]]<br>長安 || 557–581 ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | '''[[Southern dynasties]]''' || '''[[Liu Song dynasty|Liu Song]]''' || [[Jiankang]]<br>建康 || 420–479 ||
|-
| '''[[Southern Qi]]''' || [[Jiankang]]<br>建康 || 479–502 ||
|-
| '''[[Liang dynasty]]''' || [[Jiankang]]<br>建康 || 502–557 ||
|-
| '''[[Chen dynasty]]''' || [[Jiankang]]<br>建康 || 557–589 ||
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2| '''[[Sui dynasty]]''' || [[Chang'an|Daxing]]<br>大興 || 581–618 ||auxiliary capital (605–618)
|-
| [[Luoyang|Dongdu]]<br>東都 || 605–618 ||
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2 | '''[[Tang dynasty]]''' || [[Chang'an]]<br>長安 || 618–690 ||
|-
|| [[Luoyang]]<br>洛陽 || 657–690 || auxiliary capital
|-
| colspan=2 | '''[[Zhou dynasty (690–705)|Wu Zhou]]''' || [[Luoyang]]<br>洛陽 || 690–705 ||
|-
| rowspan=3 colspan=2| '''[[Tang dynasty]]'''<br/>(restored) || [[Chang'an]]<br>長安 || 705–904 ||
|-
|| [[Luoyang]]<br>洛陽 || 705–736 || auxiliary capital
|-
| [[Luoyang]]<br>洛陽 || 904–907 ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | '''[[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]]'''
| '''[[Later Liang (Five Dynasties)|Later Liang]]''' || [[Kaifeng|Dongdu]]<br>東都 || 907–923 ||
|-
| '''[[Later Tang]]''' || [[Luoyang|Dongdu]]<br>東都 || 923–936 ||
|-
| '''[[Later Jin (Five Dynasties)|Later Jin]]''' || [[Kaifeng|Dongjing]]<br>東京 || 936–947 || 
|-
| '''[[Later Han (Five Dynasties)|Later Han]]''' || [[Kaifeng|Dongjing]]<br>東京 || 947–950 ||
|-
| '''[[Later Zhou]]''' || [[Kaifeng|Dongjing]]<br>東京 || 951–960 ||
|-
| rowspan=17| '''[[Song dynasty]]''' || '''[[Northern Song Dynasty|Northern Song]]''' || [[Kaifeng|Dongjing]]<br>東京 || 960–1127 ||
|-
| rowspan=16| '''Southern Song''' || [[Shangqiu|Nanjing]]<br>南京 || 1127–1129
|After the fall of Dongjing, [[Emperor Gaozong of Song|Zhao Gou]] declares himself emperor in [[Henan]]
|-
|[[Yangzhou]]<br>揚州 || rowspan=9| 1129–1130 || rowspan=9| Flight of [[Emperor Gaozong of Song|Emperor Gaozong]] during the Jin invasion of the [[Yangtze Delta]] in 1129–1130.
|-
|[[Zhenjiang]]<br>鎮江
|-
|[[Hangzhou|Lin'an]]<br>臨安
|-
|[[Shaoxing|Yuezhou]]<br>越州
|-
|[[Ningbo|Mingzhou]]<br>明州
|-
|[[Dinghai]]<br>定海
|-
|Off the coast [[Taizhou, Zhejiang, Eastern China|Taizhou]], [[Wenzhou]]<br>"海上朝廷"
|-
|[[Taizhou, Zhejiang|Zhang'an]]<br>章安
|-
|[[Shaoxing|Yuezhou]]<br>越州
|-
|[[Hangzhou|Lin'an]]<br>臨安 || 1130–1276 || Song court settles in Lin'an for 146 years
|-
|[[Fuzhou]]<br>福州 || 1276–1277 || rowspan=3| Flight of [[Emperor Duanzong of Song|Emperor Duanzong]] along the southeast coast following the fall of Lin'an in 1276.
|-
|[[Guangzhou]]<br>廣州 || 1277–1278
|-
|[[Sung Wong Toi|Guanfuchang]]<br>官富場 || rowspan=2| 1278
|-
|[[Mui Wo|Gangzhou]]<br>碙州 || [[Emperor Bing of Song|Emperor Bingzong]] succeeds Duanzong on [[Lantau Island]] in modern [[Hong Kong]]
|-
|[[Yamen (town)|Yashan]]<br>崖山 || 1278–1279 || Song court makes [[Battle of Yamen|last stand]] off the coast of [[Yamen (town)|Yashan]]
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2| '''[[Liao dynasty]]''' || [[Linhuangfu|Shangjing]]<br>上京 || 907–1120 ||
|-
| [[Beijing|Nanjing]]<br>南京 || 1122–1123 ||
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''[[Qara Khitai|Western Liao]]'''
|[[Emin County|Emin]]<br>葉密立 || 1132–1134 ||
|-
| [[Balasagun]]<br>虎思斡耳朵 || 1134–1218 ||
|-
| rowspan=3 colspan=2| '''[[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]]''' || [[Huining Prefecture|Shangjing]]<br>上京 || 1115–1153 ||
|-
| [[Zhongdu]]<br>中都 || 1153–1214 ||
|-
| [[Kaifeng|Nanjing]]<br>南京 || 1214–1234 ||
|-
| colspan=2| '''[[Western Xia]]''' || [[Yinchuan|Xingqing]]<br>興慶 || 1038–1227 ||
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''[[Yuan dynasty]]'''
|[[Shangdu]]<br>上都 || May 1264 – 1267 ||
|-
| [[Khanbaliq|Dadu]]<br>大都 || 1267<ref>Kenneth Pletcher (2010) ”The History of China”, page 173 {{ISBN|1615301097}}</ref> – August 1368 ||
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="3" |'''[[Northern Yuan dynasty|Northern Yuan]]'''
|[[Shangdu]]<br>上都 || August 1368 – 1369 ||
|-
| [[Yingchang]]<br>應昌 || 1369–1370 ||
|-
| [[Karakorum]]<br>哈拉和林 || 1371–1388 ||
|-
| rowspan=2 colspan=2| '''[[Ming dynasty]]''' || [[Nanjing]]<br>南京 || 23 January 1368 – 2 February 1421 ||
|-
| [[Beijing]]<br>北京 || 2 February 1421 – 25 April 1644 ||
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |'''[[Southern Ming]]'''
|[[Nanjing]]<br>南京 || 1644 – 1645 ||
|-
| [[Fuzhou]]<br>福州 || 1645 – 1646 ||
|-
| [[Guangzhou]]<br>廣州 || 1646 – 1647 ||
|-
| [[Zhaoqing]]<br>肇慶 || 1646 – 25 April 1662 ||
|-
| rowspan=6 colspan=2| '''[[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]]''' || [[Fe Ala]]<br>費阿拉 || 1587–1603 ||
|-
| [[Hetu Ala]]<br>赫圖阿拉 || 1603–1619 ||
|-
| [[Jiefan]]<br>界凡 || 1619 – September 1620 ||
|-
| [[Sarhu]]<br>薩爾滸 || September 1620 – April 1621 ||
|-
| [[Liaoyang|Dongjing]]<br>東京 || April 1621 – 11 April 1625 ||
|-
| [[Shenyang|Shengjing]]<br>盛京 || 11 April 1625 – 1636 ||
|-
|rowspan=2 colspan=2| '''[[Qing dynasty]]''' || [[Shenyang|Shengjing]]<br>盛京 || 1636 – 30 October 1644 ||
|-
| [[Beijing]]<br>北京 || 30 October 1644<ref>William T. Rowe (2009) [https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7Awmzx2PAC&q=anhui+1919+mongolia+xu+shuzheng ”China's Last Empire: The Great Qing”], page 19 {{ISBN|0674036123}}</ref> – 12 February 1912<ref name="Esherick">Esherick, Joseph. [2000] (2000). Remaking the Chinese City: Modernity and National Identity, 1900-1950. University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|0-8248-2518-7}}.</ref>||
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="18" | '''[[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]]''' || [[Nanjing]]<br>南京 || 1 January 1912 – 2 April 1912 || [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)|Provisional Government]]
|-
| [[Beijing]]<br>北京 || 2 April 1912 – 30 May 1928 || [[Beiyang government]]<ref name="Esherick" />
|-
| [[Shenyang|Fengtian]]<br>奉天 || 30 May 1928 – 29 December 1928 || [[Beiyang government]]
|-
| [[Guangzhou]]<br>廣州 || 1 July 1925 – 21 February 1927 || Guangzhou Nationalist Government
|-
| [[Wuhan]]<br>武漢 || 21 February 1927 – 19 August 1927 || [[Wuhan Nationalist Government]]<ref name="Clark">Clark, Anne Biller. Clark, Anne Bolling. Klein, Donald. Klein, Donald Walker. [1971] (1971). Harvard Univ. Biographic Dictionary of Chinese communism. Original from the University of Michigan v.1. Digitized Dec 21, 2006. p 134.</ref>
|-
| [[Nanjing]]<br>南京 || 18 April 1927 – 20 November 1937 || the [[Nanjing decade]]<ref name="Esherick" />
|-
| [[Luoyang]]<br>洛陽 || 29 Jan 1932 – 1 December 1932 || 
|-
| [[Beijing]]<br>北平 || 9 September 1930 – 23 September 1930 || Beiping Nationalist Government
|-
| [[Taiyuan]]<br>太原 || 23 September 1930 – 4 November 1930 || Beiping Nationalist Government
|-
| [[Guangzhou]]<br>廣州 || 28 May 1931 – 22 December 1931 || Guangzhou Nationalist Government
|-
| [[Chongqing]]<br>重慶 || 21 November 1937 – 5 May 1946 || during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]<ref name="Esherick" />
|-
| [[Nanjing]]<br>南京 || 30 March 1940 – 10 August 1945 || [[Wang Jingwei Government]]
|-
| [[Nanjing]]<br>南京 || 5 May 1946 – [[Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion|1 May 1991]] || From 23 April 1949 to 1 May 1991, Nanjing was the claimed capital of the Republic of China
|-
| [[Guangzhou]]<br>廣州 || 23 April 1949 – 14 October 1949 || during the [[Chinese Civil War]]
|-
| [[Chongqing]]<br>重慶 || 14 October 1949 – 30 November 1949 || during the [[Chinese Civil War]]
|-
| [[Chengdu]]<br>成都 || 30 November 1949 – 27 December 1949 || during the [[Chinese Civil War]]
|-
| [[Xichang]]<br>西昌 || 27 December 1949 – 27 March 1950 || during the [[Chinese Civil War]]
|-
| [[Taipei]]<br>台北 || 10 December 1949 – Present || Established as capital following the [[Republic of China retreat to Taiwan]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |'''[[Chinese Soviet Republic]]'''<br>'''[[History of the People's Republic of China|People's Republic of China]]''' || [[Ruijin]]<br>瑞金 || 7 November 1931 – 10 October 1934 || Establishments of the Chinese Soviet Republic
|- 
| [[Zhidan|Bao'an]]<br>保安 || July 1936 – January 1937 || From 1934 to 1936, the [[Long March]] occurred.
|-
| [[Yan'an]]<br>延安 || January 1937 – 22 September 1937 || CSR dissolves in the midst of the formation of the [[Second United Front]]
|-
| [[Beijing]]<br>北京 || 1 October 1949 – Present ||
|}
<!--==Controversy==
{{Original research|section|date=April 2011}}

Choosing the capital of China has always been a matter of politics over logistics. Some historians{{who|date=December 2010}} have questioned why Beijing should have ever been chosen as a capital at all, even in the present day.{{Citation needed span|Throughout most of China's history, the geography of the far northeastern corner of the country, with its long, harsh winters with limited agricultural possibilities, has posed serious water and food supply problems.|date=April 2011}} Even with the water supply now coming from the [[Yangtze River]]--an accomplishment that has required major construction due to the river's great distance from the area–these problems remain unresolved.<ref name="Haw">Haw, Stephen G. [2007] (2007). Beijing a Concise History. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-39906-7</ref> Furthermore, {{Citation needed span|Beijing's location near China's northern frontier has also posed historical strategic military disadvantages.|date=April 2011}} Had the capital of the [[Ming dynasty]] not been located there, in the 17th century the [[Manchu people|Manchus]] could not have attacked it so easily, taking over and establishing the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref name="Haw" />{{Citation needed span|China's main food source has always been in the [[Northern and southern China|southern]] region of the country.|date=April 2011}} Therefore, due to its smaller distance from the main food & water sources, the "preferred" or "logical" capital city has commonly been thought{{By whom|date=December 2010}} to be Nanjing.<ref name="Haw" />-->