Editing Hippie (section)

=== Origins ===
[[File:Be Your Own Goddess art bus (1967 VW Kombi) IMG 0136.JPG|thumb|left|A 1967 [[Volkswagen Type 2|VW Kombi]] bus decorated with hand-painting]]A July 1967 [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] study on hippie philosophy credited the foundation of the hippie movement with historical precedent as far back as the [[sadhu]] of India, the spiritual seekers who had renounced the world and materialistic pursuits by taking "[[Sannyas]]". Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like [[Diogenes of Sinope]] and the [[Cynicism (philosophy)|cynics]] were also early forms of hippie culture.<ref name="Time_1968">{{Citation
  | title = The Hippies
  | newspaper = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]
  | date = July 7, 1968
  | url = https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,899555-1,00.html
  | access-date = 2007-08-24
}}</ref> It also named as notable influences the religious and spiritual teachings of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], [[Hillel the Elder]], [[Jesus]], [[St. Francis of Assisi]], [[Henry David Thoreau]], [[Gandhi]] and [[J. R. R. Tolkien]].<ref name="Time_1968" />

The first signs of modern "proto-hippies" emerged at the end of the 19th century in Europe. Late 1890s to early 1900s, a German youth movement arose as a countercultural reaction to the organized social and cultural clubs that centered on "German folk music". Known as ''[[Wandervogel|Der Wandervogel]]'' ("wandering bird"), this hippie movement opposed the formality of traditional German clubs, instead emphasizing [[folk music]] and singing, creative dress, and outdoor life involving hiking and camping.<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Randal
  | first = Annie Janeiro
  | title = Music, Power, and Politics
  | chapter = The Power to Influence Minds
  | pages = 66–67
  | publisher = Routledge
  | year = 2005
  | isbn = 0-415-94364-7
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jXdWmAEACAAJ
}}</ref> Inspired by the works of [[Goethe]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], and [[Hermann Hesse]], Wandervogel attracted thousands of young Germans who rejected the rapid trend toward urbanization and yearned for the [[Germanic Neopaganism|pagan]], back-to-nature spiritual life of their ancestors.<ref name="Kennedy_Ryan">{{Citation
  | last1 = Kennedy
  | first1 = Gordon
  | last2 = Ryan
  | first2 = Kody
  | title = Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture
  | year = 2003
  | url = http://www.hippy.com/php/article-243.html
  | access-date = 2007-08-31
  | url-status = dead
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070830033310/http://www.hippy.com/php/article-243.html
  | archive-date = August 30, 2007
  }}. See also: {{harvnb|Kennedy|1998}}.</ref> During the first several decades of the 20th century, Germans settled around the United States, bringing the values of this German youth culture. Some opened the first [[health food store]]s, and many moved to [[southern California]] where they introduced an alternative lifestyle. One group, called the "Nature Boys", took to the California desert and raised organic food, espousing a back-to-nature lifestyle like the Wandervogel.<ref name="LAT081004">Elaine Woo, [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-aug-10-me-boots10-story.html Gypsy Boots, 89; Colorful Promoter of Healthy Food and Lifestyles], ''Los Angeles Times'', August 10, 2004, Accessed December 22, 2008.</ref> Songwriter [[eden ahbez]] wrote a hit song called ''[[Nature Boy (song)|Nature Boy]]'' inspired by Robert Bootzin ([[Gypsy Boots]]), who helped popularize health-consciousness, [[yoga]], and [[organic food]] in the United States.

[[File:Miss Beatnik of 1959 contestants.jpg|thumb|[[Beatniks]] posing in front of a piece of beatnik art, 1959. The [[Beat Generation]] are seen as a predecessor to the hippie movement]]
The hippie movement in the United States began as a youth movement. Composed mostly of white teenagers and young adults between 15 and 25 years old,<ref>[[Benjamin Zablocki|Zablocki, Benjamin]]. "Hippies." ''World Book Online Reference Center''. 2006. Retrieved on 2006-10-12. "Hippies were members of a youth movement...from white middle-class families and ranged in age from 15 to 25 years old."</ref><ref name="Dudley_2000_193194">{{harvnb|Dudley|2000|pp=193–194}}.</ref> hippies inherited a tradition of cultural dissent from [[Bohemianism|bohemians]] and [[beatniks]] of the [[Beat Generation]] in the late 1950s.<ref name="Dudley_2000_193194" /> Beats like [[Allen Ginsberg]] crossed over from the beat movement and became fixtures of the burgeoning hippie and [[anti-war movement]]s. By 1965, hippies had become an established [[Group (sociology)|social group]] in the U.S., and the movement eventually expanded to other countries,<ref name="Hirsch_1993_419">{{harvnb|Hirsch|1993|p=419}}. Hirsch describes hippies as "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s...fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest."</ref><ref name="Pendergast_2005">{{harvnb|Pendergast|Pendergast|2005}}. Pendergast writes: "The Hippies made up the...nonpolitical subgroup of a larger group known as the counterculture...the counterculture included several distinct groups...One group, called the New Left...Another broad group called...the Civil Rights Movement...did not become a recognizable social group until after 1965...according to John C. McWilliams, author of ''The 1960s Cultural Revolution''."</ref> extending as far as the United Kingdom and Europe, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, [[La Onda|Mexico]], and Brazil.<ref name="Stone_1994">{{harvnb|Stone|1999|loc=[http://www.hipplanet.com/books/atoz/havens.htm Hippy Havens]}}</ref> The hippie ethos influenced [[the Beatles]] and others in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, and they in turn influenced their American counterparts.<ref>August 28 - Bob Dylan turns the Beatles on to cannabis for the second time. See also: {{Citation
  | last1 = Brown
  | first1 = Peter
  | author-link = Peter Brown (music industry)
  | last2 = Gaines
  | first2 = Steven
  | title = The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles
  | publisher = NAL Trade
  | year = 2002
  | isbn = 0-451-20735-1
}};{{Citation
  | last = Moller
  | first = Karen
  | title = Tony Blair: Child Of The Hippie Generation
  | publisher = Swans
  | date = September 25, 2006
  | url = http://www.swans.com/library/art12/moller04.html
  | access-date = 2007-07-29
}}</ref> Hippie culture spread worldwide through a fusion of [[rock music]], [[folk music|folk]], [[blues]], and [[psychedelic rock]]; it also found expression in literature, the dramatic arts, [[1960s in fashion|fashion]], and the visual arts, including film, posters advertising rock concerts, and [[album]] covers.<ref>{{Citation|title=Light My Fire: Rock Posters from the Summer of Love |publisher=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] |year=2006 |url=http://www.mfa.org/exhibitions/sub.asp?key=15&subkey=2147 |access-date=2007-08-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815092511/http://www.mfa.org/exhibitions/sub.asp?key=15&subkey=2147 |archive-date=August 15, 2007 }}</ref> In 1968, "core visible hippies" represented just under 0.2% of the U.S. population<ref name="Yablonsky_1968_36">{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|pp=36}}.</ref> and dwindled away by mid-1970s.<ref name="Hirsch_1993_419" />

Along with the [[New Left]] and the [[Civil Rights Movement]], the hippie movement was one of three dissenting groups of the 1960s counterculture.<ref name="Pendergast_2005" /> Hippies rejected established institutions, criticized [[middle class]] values, opposed [[nuclear weapons]] and the [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|Vietnam War]], embraced aspects of [[Eastern philosophy]],<ref name="Oldmeadow_2004_260269">{{harvnb|Oldmeadow|2004|pp=260, 264}}.</ref> championed [[sexual liberation]], were often [[vegetarian]] and [[environmentally friendly|eco-friendly]], promoted the use of [[psychedelic drug]]s which they believed expanded one's consciousness, and created [[Intentional community|intentional communities]] or communes. They used alternative arts, [[street theatre]], [[folk music]], and [[psychedelic rock]] as a part of their lifestyle and as a way of expressing their feelings, their protests, and their vision of the world and life. Hippies opposed political and social orthodoxy, choosing a gentle and nondoctrinaire ideology that favored peace, love, and personal freedom,<ref name="Time-Life Books_1998_137">{{harvnb|Stolley|1998|pp=137}}.</ref><ref>Yippie [[Abbie Hoffman]] envisioned a different society: "...where people share things, and we don't need money; where you have the machines for the people. A free society, that's really what it amounts to... a free society built on life; but life is not some ''Time Magazine'', hippie version of fagdom... we will attempt to build that society..." See: Swatez, Gerald. Miller, Kaye. (1970). ''[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3077305241438405731 Conventions: The Land Around Us]'' Anagram Pictures. University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Social Sciences Research Film Unit. qtd at ~16:48. The speaker is not explicitly identified, but it is thought to be Abbie Hoffman. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315025043/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3077305241438405731 |date=March 15, 2008 }}</ref> expressed for example in [[the Beatles]]' song "[[All You Need is Love]]".<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Wiener
  | first = Jon
  | author-link = Jon Wiener
  | title = Come Together: John Lennon in His Time
  | page = [https://archive.org/details/cometogetherjohn00jonw/page/40 40]
  | publisher = University of Illinois Press
  | year = 1991
  | isbn = 0-252-06131-4
  | url = https://archive.org/details/cometogetherjohn00jonw/page/40
  }}: "Seven hundred million people heard it in a worldwide TV satellite broadcast. It became the anthem of flower power that summer... The song expressed the highest value of the counterculture...For the hippies, however, it represented a call for liberation from Protestant culture, with its repressive sexual taboos and its insistence on emotional restraint... The song presented the [[flower power]] critique of movement politics: there was nothing you could do that couldn't be done by others; thus you didn't need to do anything...John was arguing not only against bourgeois self-denial and future-mindedness but also against the activists' sense of urgency and their strong personal commitments to fighting injustice and oppression..."</ref> Hippies perceived the dominant culture as a corrupt, monolithic entity that exercised undue power over their lives, calling this culture "[[the Establishment]]", "[[Big Brother (Nineteen Eighty-Four)|Big Brother]]", or "[[the Man]]".<ref name="Yablonsky_1968_106107">{{harvnb|Yablonsky|1968|pp=106–107}}.</ref><ref>Theme appears in contemporaneous interviews throughout {{harvtxt|Yablonsky|1968}}.</ref><ref name="McCleary_2004_50166323">{{harvnb|McCleary|2004|pp=50, 166, 323}}.</ref> Noting that they were "seekers of meaning and value", scholars like [[Timothy Miller]] have described hippies as a [[new religious movement]].<ref name="Dudley_2000_203206">{{harvnb|Dudley|2000|pp=203–206}}. [[Timothy Miller]] notes that the counterculture was a "movement of seekers of meaning and value...the historic quest of any religion." Miller quotes [[Harvey Cox]], William C. Shepard, [[Jefferson Poland]], and [[Ralph J. Gleason]] in support of the view of the hippie movement as a new religion. See also [[Wes Nisker]]'s ''The Big Bang, The Buddha, and the Baby Boom'': "At its core, however, hippie was a spiritual phenomenon, a big, unfocused, revival meeting." Nisker cites the ''San Francisco Oracle'', which described the Human Be-In as a "spiritual revolution".</ref>