Editing Hierarchical organization (section)

== Origins and development of social hierarchical organization ==
Smaller and more informal social units – [[family|families]], [[Band society|bands]], [[tribe]]s, [[special interest groups]] – which may form spontaneously, have little need for complex hierarchies<ref>
Compare:
{{cite journal
| last1                 = Palmer
| first1                = Gary B.
| editor1-last          = Sprague
| editor1-first         = Roderick
| editor1-link          = Roderick Sprague
| editor2-last          = Walker
| editor2-first         = Deward E.
| title                 = Cultural ecology in the Canadian Plateau: Pre-contact to the early contact period in the territory of the Southern Shuswap Indians of British Columbia
| url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=23i-DwAAQBAJ
| journal               = Northwest Anthropological Research Notes
| publisher             = Department of Sociology/Anthropology, University of Idaho
| publication-place     = Moscow, Idaho
| publication-date      = Fall 1975
| volume                = 9
| issue                 = 2
| page                  = 201
| quote                 = The principal structural elements of the traditional Shuswap system of cultural ecology are as follows: [...] 13. Loose patrilineal succession to band chieftainship, with no hierarchical organisation above this level.
| access-date           = 27 November 2021
}}
</ref> – or indeed for any hierarchies. They may rely on [[Self-organization|self-organizing]] tendencies.
A conventional view ascribes the growth of hierarchical social habits and structures to increased complexity;<ref>
Compare:
{{cite book
 |editor-last1         = Jagers op Akkerhuis
 |editor-first1        = Gerard A.J.M
 |title                = Evolution and Transitions in Complexity: The Science of Hierarchical Organization in Nature
 |date = 18 October 2016
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=-4hJDQAAQBAJ
 |location             = Cham, Switzerland
 |publisher            = Springer
 |publication-date     = 2016
 |page                 = 253
 |isbn                 = 9783319438023
 |access-date          = 27 November 2021
 |quote                = [...] that the history of life and evolution is characterised by a basic tendency towards increased complexity [...] has been vehemently challenged
}} 
</ref>
the [[religious syncretism]]<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Shaw
 |first1               = Rosalind
 |last2                = Stewart
 |first2               = Charles
 |editor-last1         = Shaw
 |editor-first1        = Rosalind
 |editor-last2         = Stewart
 |editor-first2        = Charles
 |orig-date            = 1994
 |chapter              = Introduction: problematizing syncretism
 |title                = Syncretism/Anti-Syncretism: The Politics of Religious Synthesis
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=-IKJAgAAQBAJ
 |series               = European Association of Social Anthropologists
 |date = 16 December 2003
 |location             = London
 |publisher            = Routledge
 |publication-date     = 2003
 |pages                = 19–20
 |isbn                 = 9781134833955
 |access-date          = 27 November 2021
 |quote                = At one pole we have the development of religious synthesis by those who create meanings for their own use out of contexts of cultural or political domination [...]. At the other pole we have the imposition of religious synthesis upon others by those who claim the capacity to define cultural meanings [...].
}} 
</ref>
and issues of [[tax]]-gathering<ref>
For example:
{{cite book
 |last1                = Rai
 |first1               = Mridu
 |author-link1         = Mridu Rai
 |orig-date            = 2004
 |chapter              = The Obligations of Rulers and the Rights of Subjects
 |title                = Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir
 |date = 31 December 2019
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=43y-DwAAQBAJ
 |location             = Princeton, New Jersey
 |publisher            = Princeton University Press
 |publication-date     = 2019
 |page                 = 150
 |isbn                 = 9780691207223
 |access-date          = 27 November 2021
 |quote                = The Dogra state employed its own tax-gathering agency to collect the revenue directly from the cultivators. This hierarchy began at the village level with the accountant, the ''patwari'', whose chief duty was to maintain records of the area of holding and revenue-paying capacity of each villager. Over the patwaris stood a group of Pandits [...]. Over these were the ''tehsildar'' and one or two ''naib-tehsildars'' (deputy tehsildars) who controlled the revenue collection from the fifteen ''tehsils'' (districts or groups of villages) [...] The tehsils themselves were grouped into three ''wazarats'' presided over by ''wazir wazarats'' (ministers). This entire revenue establishment, known as the Daftar-i-Diwani, [...] was ultimately subordinate to the Hakim-i-Ala, or Governor [...]
}} 
</ref>
in expanding empires played a role here.

However, others have observed that simple forms of hierarchical [[leadership]] naturally emerge from interactions in both [[human]] and [[non-human]] [[primate]] communities. For instance, this occurs when a few individuals obtain more status in their [[tribe]], (extended) [[family]] or [[clan]], or when [[Competence (human resources)|competences]] and [[resource]]s are unequally distributed across individuals.<ref>Wilkinson, R. (2000), Mind the Gap: Hierarchies, Health and Human Evolution. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sapolsky |first=Robert M. |date=2005-04-29 |title=The Influence of Social Hierarchy on Primate Health |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1106477 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=308 |issue=5722 |pages=648–652 |doi=10.1126/science.1106477 |pmid=15860617 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Magee |first1=Joe C. |last2=Galinsky |first2=Adam D. |date= 2008|title=8 Social Hierarchy: The Self-Reinforcing Nature of Power and Status |url=http://journals.aom.org/doi/10.5465/19416520802211628 |journal=Academy of Management Annals |language=en |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=351–398 |doi=10.5465/19416520802211628 |issn=1941-6520}}</ref>