Editing Heworth, York (section)

==History==
[[File:Stone on Monk Stray, York.jpg|thumb|Boundary Stone on Monk Stray]]
Very little is known about the [[prehistoric]] history of the Heworth area, some researchers believe the area was largely [[bog]]gy land.<ref>{{cite book
 | first = Avril E. Webster | last = Appleton
 | title = Looking Back at Heworth – a York Suburb
 | year = 1999
 | isbn = 0-9536257-0-2
 }}</ref> The village is of [[Roman Britain|Roman]] origin and two Roman cremation [[cemeteries]] have been found in the area. Heworth Green, the road from York city centre to the village, is on the site of a [[Roman road]].

During the early [[Medieval]] period, contemporary burials took place in a similar area to the Roman ones; this was during the 5th and 6th centuries. However, evidence for settlement in Heworth during this period of time still remains minimal.

The village appears as ''Heworde'' in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, and as ''Hewud'' in 1219.<ref>{{Ekwall|237}}</ref>

Heworth was formerly a [[Township (England)|township]] in the parishes of [[York St Saviour|St Saviour]], [[York St Cuthbert|St Cuthbert]] and [[St Olave-Marygate]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/place/12901|title=History of Heworth, in York and North Riding|publisher=[[A Vision of Britain through Time]]|accessdate=9 May 2024}}</ref> in 1866 Heworth became a separate [[civil parish]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10432935|title=Relationships and changes Heworth CP/Tn through time|publisher=A Vision of Britain through Time|accessdate=9 May 2024}}</ref> in 1894 the parish was abolished and split, the part in the [[County Borough of York]] became [[Heworth Within]] and the [[Rural district|rural]] part became [[Heworth Without]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ukbmd.org.uk/reg/districts/york.html|title=York Registration District|publisher=UKBMD|accessdate=9 May 2024}}</ref> In 1891 the parish had a population of 740.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10432935/cube/TOT_POP|title=Population statistics Heworth CP/Tn through time|publisher=A Vision of Britain through Time|accessdate=9 May 2024}}</ref> Until 1974 it was in the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]].

===1453 Battle of Heworth Moor===
On 24 August 1453,<ref>{{cite book|last=Wagner|first= J.|title= Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses| page=186}}</ref> a skirmish took place and was the first meeting of the two families involved in the [[Percy-Neville feud]], the feud which eventually helped provoke the [[Wars of the Roses]].<ref name="Battle">{{cite news|url=http://uk.geocities.com/jakdoor/heworth/heworth.htm|publisher=Heworth History|title=Battle of Heworth|date=23 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911113826/http://uk.geocities.com/jakdoor/heworth/heworth.htm|archive-date=11 September 2007}}</ref> Historians have described an attack on the Neville family's wedding party by [[Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont|Lord Egremont]]; numerous contemporaries regard it as the very first military action of the Wars of the Roses.

The Neville family was returning to [[Sheriff Hutton]] castle following a wedding between [[Sir Thomas Neville]] and Maud Stanhope. Stanhope was the heiress and niece of [[Baron Cromwell|Ralph de Cromwell]]. Cromwell had previously confiscated Percy strongholds such as [[Wressle]] and [[Bunwell]] after [[Henry 'Hotspur' Percy]]'s death in 1403; the thought of those properties one day being handed over to the Neville family angered [[Thomas Percy, 1st Baron Egremont|Lord Egremont]] greatly.<ref name="Battle"/>

Egremont decided to ambush the Neville family's returning wedding party at Heworth Moor, along with 1,000 [[retainer (medieval)|retainers]] from [[York]]. The Neville family were said to have given a good account of themselves and defended themselves well in the skirmish.<ref name="Battle"/>

===1642 Meeting on Heworth Moor===
{{main|Meeting on Heworth Moor}}

During the summer of 1642 both the Parliamentary party and King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] negotiated with each other while preparing for war.

When Charles endeavoured to raise a guard for his own person at [[York]], intending it, as the event afterwards proved, to form the nucleus of an army, [[Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Lord Fairfax]] was required by Parliament to present a petition to his sovereign, entreating Charles to hearken to the voice of his Parliament, and to discontinue the raising of troops. This was at a great meeting of the freeholders and farmers of [[Yorkshire]] convened by the king on Heworth Moor on 3 June near York. Charles evaded receiving the petition, pressing his horse forward, but [[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]] followed him and placed the petition on the pommel of the king's saddle.<ref name="EB-130">{{EB1911|wstitle=Fairfax of Cameron, Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Baron |inline=1 |volume=10 |page=130}}</ref>

===Local enclosures===

The lands called Monk Ward Stray consist of 131 acres and 38 [[Perch (unit)|perch]]es of land, situate near York, and in the township of Heworth. Before the passing of an Enclosure Act 1817, the freemen of York, who were occupiers of houses within a division or ward of the city, called Monk Ward, were, together with certain other persons, entitled to common of pasture and right of stray or average, and had immemorially used and enjoyed the same, in and over a parcel of ground called Heworth Moor, of which G.&nbsp;A. Thweng, lord of the manor of Heworth, was then [[wikt:seised in fee|seised in fee]]; another piece of land, called Heworth Grange, of which the king was then seised in fee; and certain closes and other parcels of ground, called Hall Fields, of which E. Prest and others were then seised in fee.<ref>Thomas Sergeant (editor), ''et al''. ''Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the English Courts of Common Law: With Tables of the Cases and Principal Matters'', Great Britain. Bail Court, T. & J.&nbsp;W. Johnson, 1865. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dIMwAAAAIAAJ&dq=heworth+moor+meeting&pg=PA233 p. 233]</ref>

===Settlement===
Construction of the Heworth Green Villas on Heworth Road began about 1817.<ref>[http://www.archaeologicalplanningconsultancy.co.uk/mga/projects/heworth/yhc03.pdf Archaeological investigation of Heworth Croft area] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010085011/http://www.archaeologicalplanningconsultancy.co.uk/mga/projects/heworth/yhc03.pdf |date=10 October 2007 }}, pp. 1–7</ref> Until the mid-19th century, the Lord of the Manor was the Reverend [[Robert William Bilton Hornby]]. The Ordnance Survey map of 1849, shows that Heworth was effectively a square of three parallel streets sandwiched between the then Scarborough Road and East Parade.

On the outskirts of the village near [[Strays of York|Monk Stray]] was [[Elmfield College]], a [[Primitive Methodism|Primitive Methodist]] foundation which existed from 1864 to 1932, when it merged with [[Ashville College]] in [[Harrogate]]. All that is left of the college now is numbers 1 and 9 Straylands Grove, next to Monk Stray, and staff housing along Elmfield Terrace and Willow Grove.

The church of Holy Trinity (architect: [[George Fowler Jones]]) was added in 1869; outlying features included a [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|Wesleyan]] Chapel, the manor house, a public house (''The Britannia''), a windmill, several potteries, Heworth Hall and Heworth House. At that time [[Tang Hall]] was just that – a hall situated in parkland; since then it has developed into its own neighbourhood. [[Christ Church, York|Christ Church]] was built on Stockton Lane in 1964. Heworth became a [[Conservation Area]] in 1975.