Editing Henry Kissinger (section)

==Academic career==
Kissinger earned his Bachelor of Arts ''[[summa cum laude]]'', [[Phi Beta Kappa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://depts.washington.edu/uwpbk/famous.htm |title=PBK Famous Members |website=Depts.washington.edu |access-date=March 17, 2017 |archive-date=October 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012101634/http://depts.washington.edu/uwpbk/famous.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> in political science from [[Harvard College]] in 1950, where he lived in [[Adams House (Harvard University)|Adams House]] and studied under [[William Yandell Elliott]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/06/specials/isaacson-kissinger.html |title=Little Heinz and Big Henry |last=Draper |first=Theodore |date=September 6, 1992 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=December 30, 2006 |archive-date=June 5, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605215635/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/12/06/specials/isaacson-kissinger.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His senior undergraduate thesis, titled ''The Meaning of History: Reflections on [[Oswald Spengler|Spengler]], [[Arnold J. Toynbee|Toynbee]] and [[Kant]]'', was over 400 pages long, and provoked Harvard's current cap on the length of undergraduate theses (35,000 words).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Niall|title=Kissinger, 1923–1968: The Idealist|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2016|page=237}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1979-03-01/kissinger-and-meaning-history |title=Kissinger and the Meaning of History |journal=[[Foreign Affairs]] |date=January 28, 2009 |access-date=November 22, 2019 |issn=0015-7120 |archive-date=November 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129185126/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1979-03-01/kissinger-and-meaning-history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hollis.harvard.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?context=L&vid=HVD2&search_scope=everything&tab=everything&lang=en_US&docid=01HVD_ALMA211892160880003941|website=hollis.harvard.edu|title=The meaning of history: reflections on Spengler, Toynbee and Kant|access-date=November 22, 2019|archive-date=February 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214050514/https://hollis.harvard.edu/primo-explore/fulldisplay?context=L&vid=HVD2&search_scope=everything&tab=everything&lang=en_US&docid=01HVD_ALMA211892160880003941|url-status=live}}</ref> He earned his Master of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy at [[Harvard University]] in 1951 and 1954, respectively. In 1952, while still a graduate student at Harvard, he served as a consultant to the director of the [[Psychological Strategy Board]],<ref name="nobelbio">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1973/kissinger-bio.html |title=Henry Kissinger – Biography |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=December 30, 2006 |archive-date=July 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718160001/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1973/kissinger-bio.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and founded a magazine, ''Confluence''.<ref name="The New Yorker-2020">{{Cite magazine|date=May 8, 2020|title=The Myth of Henry Kissinger|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/18/the-myth-of-henry-kissinger|access-date=August 21, 2021|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|archive-date=October 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016070100/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/18/the-myth-of-henry-kissinger|url-status=live}}</ref> At that time, he sought to work as a spy for the [[FBI]].<ref name="The New Yorker-2020" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kissinger, Harvard And the FBI|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1979/11/16/kissinger-harvard-and-the-fbi-phenry/|access-date=August 21, 2021|website=thecrimson.com|archive-date=August 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821141803/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1979/11/16/kissinger-harvard-and-the-fbi-phenry/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Henry Kissinger (1950 Harvard yearbook).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Portrait of Kissinger as a Harvard senior in 1950]]
Kissinger's doctoral dissertation was titled ''Peace, Legitimacy, and the Equilibrium (A Study of the Statesmanship of [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Castlereagh]] and [[Metternich]])''.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |title=Peace, legitimacy, and the equilibrium: (a study of the statesmanship of Castlereagh and Metternich) |year=1954 |publisher=Kissinger | oclc=63222254 |place=Cambridge, Mass.}}</ref> Stephen Graubard, Kissinger's friend, asserted that Kissinger primarily pursued such endeavor to instruct himself on the history of power play between European states in the 19th century.{{sfn|Ferguson|2015|p=293}} In his doctoral dissertation, Kissinger first introduced the concept of "legitimacy",<ref name="kmc">{{cite journal |last1=Campbell |first1=Kurt M. |last2=Doshi |first2=Rush |title=How America Can Shore Up Asian Order A Strategy for Restoring Balance and Legitimacy |journal=Foreign Affairs |date=January 12, 2021 |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2021-01-12/how-america-can-shore-asian-order |access-date=January 28, 2021 |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128220638/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2021-01-12/how-america-can-shore-asian-order |url-status=live }}</ref> which he defined as: "Legitimacy as used here should not be confused with justice. It means no more than an international agreement about the nature of workable arrangements and about the permissible aims and methods of foreign policy".<ref name="Buchan">{{cite journal|last=Buchan|first=Alastair|title=The Irony of Henry Kissinger|journal=International Affairs|volume=50|issue=3|date=July 1974|page=369|doi=10.2307/2616401|jstor=2616401| issn=0020-5850}}</ref> An international order accepted by all of the major powers is "legitimate" whereas an international order not accepted by one or more of the great powers is "revolutionary" and hence dangerous.<ref name="Buchan"/> Thus, when after the [[Congress of Vienna]] in 1815, the leaders of [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], [[Bourbon Restoration in France|France]], [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], and [[Russian Empire|Russia]] agreed to co-operate in the [[Concert of Europe]] to preserve the peace after Austria, Prussia, and Russia participated in a series of three [[Partitions of Poland]], in Kissinger's viewpoint this international system was "legitimate" because it was accepted by the leaders of all five of the Great Powers of Europe. Notably, Kissinger's ''Primat der Außenpolitik'' (Primacy of foreign policy) approach to diplomacy took it for granted that as long as the decision-makers in the major states were willing to accept the international order, then it is "legitimate" with questions of public opinion and morality dismissed as irrelevant.<ref name="Buchan"/> His dissertation also won him the [[Senator Charles Sumner]] Prize, an award given to the best dissertation "from the legal, political, historical, economic, social, or ethnic approach, dealing with any means or measures tending toward the prevention of war and the establishment of universal peace" by a student under the Harvard Department of Government.{{sfn|Ferguson|2015|p=291}} It was published in 1957 as ''[[A World Restored|A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace 1812–1822]]''.{{sfn|Ferguson|2015|p=291}}

Kissinger remained at Harvard as a member of the faculty in the Department of Government where he served as the director of the Harvard International Seminar between 1951 and 1971. In 1955, he was a consultant to the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]]'s [[Operations Coordinating Board]].<ref name=nobelbio/> During 1955 and 1956, he was also study director in nuclear weapons and foreign policy at the [[Council on Foreign Relations]]. He released his book ''Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy'' the following year.<ref>{{cite book |first=Henry |last=Kissinger |title=Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy |year=1957 |page=455 |publisher=Harper & Brothers}}</ref> The book, which criticized the [[Eisenhower administration]]'s ''[[massive retaliation]]'' nuclear doctrine, caused much controversy at the time by proposing the use of [[tactical nuclear weapons]] on a regular basis to win wars.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Buchan|first=Alastair|title=The Irony of Henry Kissinger|journal=International Affairs|volume=50|issue=3|date=July 1974|page=371|doi=10.2307/2616401|jstor=2616401}}</ref> That same year, he published ''[[A World Restored]]'', a study of balance-of-power politics in post-Napoleonic Europe.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Fukuyama|first=Francis|date=September 1997|title=A World Restored: Europe After Napoleon|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1997-09-01/world-restored-europe-after-napoleon|access-date=September 13, 2021|website=Foreign Affairs|archive-date=September 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913062402/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/1997-09-01/world-restored-europe-after-napoleon|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{external media| float = left|width = 180px| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?288490-1/mike-wallace-interview-henry-kissinger Mike Wallace interview with Kissinger, July 13, 1958]}}
From 1956 to 1958, Kissinger worked for the [[Rockefeller Brothers Fund]] as director of its [[Special Studies Project]].<ref name=nobelbio/> He served as the director of the Harvard Defense Studies Program between 1958 and 1971. In 1958, he also co-founded the [[Center for International Affairs]] with [[Robert R. Bowie]] where he served as its associate director. Outside of academia, he served as a consultant to several government agencies and think tanks, including the [[Operations Research Office]], the [[Arms Control and Disarmament Agency]], [[Department of State]], and the [[RAND Corporation]].<ref name=nobelbio/>

Keen to have a greater influence on [[U.S. foreign policy]], Kissinger became foreign policy advisor to the presidential campaigns of [[Nelson Rockefeller]], supporting his bids for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968.<ref name=Rothbard>{{cite web |last=Rothbard |first=Murray |author-link=Murray Rothbard |title=Why the War? The Kuwait Connection |date=May 1991 |publisher=LewRockwell.com |url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/ir/Ch27.html |access-date=February 13, 2016 |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160215111017/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/ir/Ch27.html |archive-date=February 15, 2016}}</ref> Kissinger first met [[Richard Nixon]] at a party hosted by [[Clare Boothe Luce]] in 1967, saying that he found him more "thoughtful" than he expected.{{sfnp|Karnow|1983|p=585}} During the Republican primaries in 1968, Kissinger again served as the foreign policy adviser to Rockefeller and in July 1968 called Nixon "the most dangerous of all the men running to have as president".{{sfnp|Karnow|1983|p=585}} Initially upset when Nixon won the Republican nomination, the ambitious Kissinger soon changed his mind about Nixon and contacted a Nixon campaign aide, [[Richard V. Allen|Richard Allen]], to state he was willing to do anything to help Nixon win.{{sfnp|Karnow|1983|p=596}} After Nixon became president in January 1969, Kissinger was appointed as [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]]. By this time, he was arguably "one of the most important theorists about foreign policy ever to be produced by the United States", according to his official biographer [[Niall Ferguson]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Niall|title=Kissinger, 1923–1968: The Idealist|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2016|page=11}}</ref>