Editing Heinrich Schliemann (section)

==Amateur archaeologist==
[[Image:MaskeAgamemnon.JPG|thumb|The '[[Mask of Agamemnon]]', discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876 at [[Mycenae]] now exhibited at the [[National Archaeological Museum of Athens]].]]

Heinrich Schliemann was an amateur archaeologist. He was obsessed with the stories of Homer and ancient Mediterranean civilizations. He dedicated the second part of his life to unveiling the actual physical remains of the cities of Homer's epic tales. Many refer to him as the "father of pre-Hellenistic archaeology".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Golden Treasures of Troy: The Dream of Heinrich Schliemann|last=Duchêne|first=Hervé|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=1996}}</ref>

In 1868, Schliemann visited sites in the Greek world, and published his second book ''Ithaka, der Peloponnesus und Troja'' in which he described ancient sites in Greece and the Ottoman Empire and asserted that Hissarlik was the site of Troy. He submitted this book as a dissertation to the [[University of Rostock]]. In 1869, he was awarded a PhD ''in absentia''<ref>Bernard, Wolfgang. {{cite web|url=http://www.uni-rostock.de/presse/31/Schliemann.html |title=Homer-Forschung zu Schliemanns Zeit und heute |access-date=2008-09-24 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609140754/http://www.uni-rostock.de/presse/31/Schliemann.html |archive-date=June 9, 2007 }} (in German).</ref> from the university for that submission.<ref name=Allen/> David Traill wrote that the examiners gave him his PhD on the basis of his topographical analyses of [[Homer's Ithaca|Ithaca]], which were in part simply translations of another author's work or drawn from poetic descriptions by the same author.{{sfn|Allen|1999|p=312}} Other researchers who worked with documents from the university archives clearly contradict Traill's statements.<ref>Wilfried Bölke: Promotion an der Rostocker Universität. In: Bölke 1996, S. 160–168 Richter 1980a: W. Richter, „Ithaque, le Péloponnèse et Troie“ und das Promotionsverfahren Heinrich Schliemanns. In: Ethnogr. Archäol. Zeitschrift 21, 1980, S. 667-678. Richter 1980b: W. Richter, Die „altgriechisch geschriebene Dissertation“ Heinrich Schliemanns und die Darstellung seiner Promotion im biographischen Schrifttum. In: Antikerezeption, Antikeverhältnis, Antikebegegnung in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, Schriften der Winckelmann-Gesellschaft, Bd. 6, S. 671-691.</ref>

Schliemann was an honorary member of the [[Society of Antiquaries of London]] and elected a member of the [[American Antiquarian Society]] in 1880.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlists|title=MemberListS}}</ref>

===Troy and Mycenae===
[[Image:Sophia Schliemann wearing gold jewelry (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|[[Sophia Schliemann]] (''née'' Engastromenos) wearing finds recovered at [[Hisarlık]]]]

Schliemann's first interest of a classical nature seems to have been the location of Troy. At the time he began excavating in Turkey, the site commonly believed to be Troy was at [[Pınarbaşı Köyü|Pınarbaşı]], a hilltop at the south end of the Trojan Plain.<ref name="Easton 1998 339">{{cite journal |last=Easton |first=D.F. |title=Heinrich Schliemann: Hero or Fraud?|journal=The Classical World |volume=91 |date=May–June 1998|doi=10.2307/4352102 |issue=5|pages=335–343 |jstor=4352102 }}</ref> The site had been previously excavated by English amateur archaeologist and local expert [[Frank Calvert]]. Schliemann performed soundings at Pınarbaşı but was disappointed by his findings.<ref name="Easton 1998 339"/> It was Calvert who identified [[Hissarlik]] as Troy and suggested Schliemann dig there on land owned by Calvert's family.{{sfn|Allen|1999|p=3}}

Schliemann was at first sceptical about the identification of Hissarlik with Troy but was persuaded by Calvert.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bryce|first=Trevor|title=The Trojans and their neighbours|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-34959-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZelJgdu9mkC&q=Schliemann+credit+Calvert&pg=PA37|page=37}}</ref> In 1870, Schliemann began [[Schliemann's Trench|digging a trench]] at Hissarlik, and by 1873 had discovered nine buried cities.

Schliemann found pure copper and metal molds as well as a lot of other metal tools, cutlery, shields, and vases which were found at around 28 to {{frac|29|1|2}} feet deep at the site.<ref name="Schliemann 1875">{{Cite book |last1=Schliemann |first1=Heinrich |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000611783 |title=Troy and its remains: a narrative of researches and discoveries made on the site of Ilium, and in the Trojan Plain |last2=Schmitz |first2=L. Lora |last3=Smith |first3=Philip |last4=Schmitz |first4=L. Dora |date=1875 |publisher=J. Murray |series=Trojanische Alterthümer.English |location=London}}</ref>

The day before digging was to stop on 15 June 1873, which was the day he discovered gold, which he took to be [[Priam's Treasure]] trove.<ref name=cw/>{{rp|36–39}}<ref name=leo/>{{rp|131,153,163–213}} Recent research has confirmed several settlements on the site spanning 3,600 years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-13|title=Review – Troy: myth and reality|url=https://archaeology.co.uk/articles/reviews/review-troy-myth-and-reality.htm|access-date=2021-10-15|website=Current Archaeology|language=en-US}}</ref> The layer that Schliemann referred to as "the Burnt City"<ref>{{Citation|title=THE THIRD, THE BURNT CITY, page 305 to 385|date=2010|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ilios/third-the-burnt-city-page-305-to-385/E21F7AF23A0D99388A20C078C3404D4C|work=Ilios: The City and Country of the Trojans|pages=305–385|editor-last=Schliemann|editor-first=Heinrich|series=Cambridge Library Collection - Archaeology|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139197908.010|isbn=978-1-139-19790-8|access-date=2021-10-15}}</ref> and believed to be Troy is now thought to be from 3,000 to 2,000 BCE,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kessler|first=P. L.|title=Kingdoms of Anatolia - Troy / llium (Wilusa?)|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsMiddEast/AnatoliaTroy.htm|access-date=2021-10-15|website=www.historyfiles.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> too early to be the location of the Trojan War as Homer describes it.

He later wrote that he had seen the gold glinting in the dirt and dismissed the workmen so that he and Sophia could excavate it themselves; they removed it in her shawl. However, Schliemann's oft-repeated story of the treasure being carried by Sophia in her shawl was untrue. Schliemann later admitted fabricating it; at the time of the discovery, Sophia was in fact with her family in Athens, following the death of her father.<ref>Moorehead, Caroline, The Lost Treasures of Troy (1994) p. 133, {{ISBN|0-297-81500-8}}</ref>

Schliemann smuggled the treasure out of the Ottoman Empire into Greece. The Ottoman Empire sued Schliemann in a Greek court, and Schliemann was forced to pay a 10,000 gold [[franc]] [[indemnity]]. Schliemann ended up sending 50,000 gold francs to the [[Constantinople]] Imperial Museum, and got permission for further excavations at Hissarlik.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}} In 1874 Schliemann published ''Troy and Its Remains''. Schliemann at first offered his collections, which included Priam's Gold, to the Greek government, then the French, and finally the Russians. In 1881, his collections ended up in Berlin, housed first in the Ethnographic Museum, and then the Museum for Pre- and Early History, until the start of [[WWII]]. In 1939, all exhibits were packed and stored in the museum basement, then moved to the Prussian State Bank vault in January 1941. In 1941, the treasure was moved to the [[Flakturm]]  located at the [[Berlin Zoological Garden]], called the [[Zoo Tower]]. Dr. [[Wilhelm Unverzagt]] protected the three crates containing the Trojan gold when the [[Battle of Berlin]] commenced, right up until [[SMERSH]] forces took control of the tower on 1 May. On 26 May 1945, Soviet forces, led by Lt. Gen. Nikolai Antipenko, Andre Konstantinov, deputy head of the Arts Committee, [[Viktor Lazarev]], and Serafim Druzhinin, took the three crates away on trucks. The crates were then flown to Moscow on 30 June 1945, and taken to the [[Pushkin Museum]] ten days later. In 1994, the museum admitted the collection was in their possession.<ref name=cw>{{cite book |last1=Ceram |first1=C.W. |title=Gods, Graves & Scholars |date=1994 |publisher=Wingd Books |location=New York |isbn=9780517119815 |pages=39, 54–55}}</ref><ref name="leo">{{cite book |last1=Deuel |first1=Leo |title=Memoirs of Heinrich Schliemann |date=1977 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |isbn=9780060111069 |pages=212–219, 385}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Akinsha |first1=Konstantin |last2=Kozlov |first2=Grigorii |title=Beautiful Loot |date=1995 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=9780679443896 |pages=6–11,20,41,60–63,78,223,255}}</ref>

In 1876, he began digging at [[Mycenae]], under the supervision of [[Panagiotis Stamatakis]], a Greek archaeologist attached to the excavation as a condition of Schliemann's permit.<ref>
{{cite book|last=Vasilikou|first=Dora|year=2011|title=Το χρονικό της ανασκαφής των Μυκηνών, 1870–1878|place=Athens|url=https://www.archetai.gr/images/pdfs/bae/BAE_274.pdf|page=79}}</ref> There, he discovered the [[Grave Circle A, Mycenae|Shaft Graves]], with their skeletons and more regal gold, including the so-called [[Mask of Agamemnon]]. These findings were published in ''Mycenae'' in 1878.<ref name=cw/>{{rp|57–58}}<ref name=leo/>{{rp|226–252,385}}

Although he had received permission in 1876 to continue excavation, Schliemann did not reopen the dig site at Troy until 1878–1879, after another excavation in Ithaca designed to locate a site mentioned in the ''[[Odyssey]]''. [[Emile Burnouf]] and [[Rudolf Virchow]] joined him there in 1879.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Heinrich-Schliemann|title=Heinrich Schliemann {{!}} Biography, Excavations, & Facts|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref>

In 1880 Schliemann began excavation of the [[Treasury of Minyas]] at [[Orchomenus (Boeotia)]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The scientific work|url=https://www.mthv.gr/en/the-museum/the-scientific-work/|publisher=[[Archaeological Museum of Thebes]]|access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref>

From 1882 to 1883 Schliemann made a sixth excavation at Troy, in 1884 an excavation of [[Tiryns]] with [[Wilhelm Dörpfeld]], and from 1889 to 1890 a seventh and eighth excavation at Troy, also with Dörpfeld.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWICDATt3wQC&q=%22Schliemann%22+%22D%C3%B6rpfeld%22+%221888%22&pg=PA56|title=Troy|last=Kerns|first=Ann|date=2008|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=9780822575825|language=en}}</ref>