Editing Hazle Township, Pennsylvania (section)

===Coal mining===
[[File:Wrau-lattimer-colliery.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Lattimer, Pennsylvania|Lattimer]] [[Colliery]] in 1890]]
At the beginning of the 19th century, [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] abandoned their territory in the [[Thirteen Colonies|east]] while European settlers continued to move into the region. 

In 1804, a private company widened "Warriors Path", which was renamed the Berwick Turnpike. As a result, [[logging]] became the major industry in the area. Logging remained the largest industry in southern Luzerne County until the 1830s, when [[anthracite coal]] was discovered under the land that had been cleared. In 1836, the first [[coal mines|mines]] and settlements were established in present-day Hazle Township.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hazletownship.com/index.php/area/history-of-hazle-township|title = History of Hazle Township, Luzerne County, PA &#124; Area}}</ref>

Hazle Township was formed from a section of [[Sugarloaf Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Sugarloaf Township]] in 1839; in 1856, a portion of [[Butler Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Butler Township]] was added to Hazle Township.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pagenweb.org/~luzerne/patk/hazleton.htm|title = Early History of Lower Luzerne County, Pa}}</ref> By the mid-19th century, the territory had changed dramatically from its early days. The expanding coal industry led to more extensive roads, railroads, and housing settlements. [[Immigrants]], mostly from Europe, came to Greater Hazleton by the thousands to work in the dangerous mines. For the next century, large amounts of coal from Hazle Township were shipped by train to the lucrative [[Philadelphia]] market.

====Lattimer Massacre====
{{main|Lattimer massacre}}
[[File:Lattimer massacre.jpg|thumb|left|Mine workers began their protest march near Harwood; 19 were later killed by the Luzerne County sheriff in the [[Lattimer massacre]].]]
On September 10, 1897, about 300 to 400 unarmed strikers, nearly all of [[Slovaks]] and [[Germans]], marched to a coal mine owned by [[Calvin Pardee]] (in the town of [[Lattimer, Pennsylvania|Lattimer]] in Hazle Township) to support a newly formed UMW union. The demonstrators were confronted by law enforcement officials several times on the road; they were ordered to disperse, but kept marching.

The deputies had spent most of the morning joking about how many miners they would kill.<ref name="Novak">[[Michael Novak|Novak, Michael]]. ''The Guns of Lattimer''. Reprint ed. New York: Transaction Publishers, 1996; {{ISBN|1-56000-764-8}}</ref> While on a streetcar headed for Lattimer (with the sheriff and his comrades), one deputy was overheard saying "I bet I drop six of them when I get over there."

When the demonstrators reached Lattimer at 3:45 pm, they were met again by the sheriff and 150 armed deputies. Sources differ on the number of deputies present. One source claims only 86 deputies confronted the marchers. Sheriff Martin ordered the marchers to disperse, and then attempted to grab an American flag out of the hands of the lead marcher. A scuffle ensued, and the police opened fire on the unarmed crowd. Nineteen miners died, and anywhere from 17 to 49 others wounded. All had been shot in the back, and several had multiple gunshot wounds which indicated that they had been targeted by the deputies.<ref name="Anderson">Anderson, John W. ''Transitions: From Eastern Europe to Anthracite Community to College Classroom.'' Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, 2005; {{ISBN|0-595-33732-5}}</ref><ref name="Miller">Miller, Randall M. and Pencak, William. ''Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth.'' State College, Penn.: Penn State Press, 2003; {{ISBN|0-271-02214-0}}</ref><ref name="Wounded">Estimates of the number of wounded are inexact. They range from a low of 17 wounded (Duwe, Grant. ''Mass Murder in the United States: A History''. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2007; {{ISBN|0-7864-3150-4}}) to as many as 49 injured (DeLeon, Clark. ''Pennsylvania Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff.'' 3rd rev. ed. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2008; {{ISBN|0-7627-4588-6}}). Other estimates include:
*30 wounded (Lewis, Ronald L. ''Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields.'' Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2008; {{ISBN|0-8078-3220-0}})
*32 wounded (Anderson, ''Transitions: From Eastern Europe to Anthracite Community to College Classroom,'' 2005; Berger, Stefan; Croll, Andy; and Laporte, Norman. ''Towards a Comparative History of Coalfield Societies.'' Aldershot, Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005; {{ISBN|0-7546-3777-8}}; Campion, Joan. ''Smokestacks and Black Diamonds: A History of Carbon County, Pennsylvania''. Easton, Penn.: Canal History and Technology Press, 1997; {{ISBN|0-930973-19-4}})
*35 wounded (Foner, Philip S. ''First Facts of American Labor: A Comprehensive Collection of Labor Firsts in the United States.'' New York: Holmes & Meier, 1984; {{ISBN|0-8419-0742-0}}; Miller and Pencak, ''Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth,'' 2003; Derks, Scott. ''Working Americans, 1880–2006: Volume VII: Social Movements.'' Amenia, NY: Grey House Publishing, 2006; {{ISBN|1-59237-101-9}})
*38 wounded (Weir, Robert E. and Hanlan, James P. ''Historical Encyclopedia of American Labor, Vol. 1.'' Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press, 2004; {{ISBN|0-313-32863-3}})
*39 wounded ([[Long, Priscilla]]. ''[[Where the Sun Never Shines: A History of America's Bloody Coal Industry]].'' Minneapolis: Paragon House, 1989; {{ISBN|1-55778-224-5}}; Novak, Michael. ''The Guns of Lattimer.'' Reprint ed. New York: Transaction Publishers, 1996; {{ISBN|1-56000-764-8}})
*40 wounded (Beers, Paul B. ''The Pennsylvania Sampler: A Biography of the Keystone State and Its People''. Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books, 1970).<!-- ISBN/ISSN needed --></ref>