Editing Hay-on-Wye (section)

==History==
[[File:Hay Castle and war memorial, Hay-on-Wye - geograph.org.uk - 2061364.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Hay Castle and war memorial]]
The village of [[Llanigon]] is about {{convert|2|miles|km|0}} south-west of the town of Hay-on-Wye. Before the [[Norman Conquest]], Hay-on-Wye was part of the parish of Llanigon. The church of St. Eigon (possibly identified with [[Saint Eigen]]) in Llanigon was the principal church for the area. This was because the [[Human settlement|settlement]] in Llanigon predated the settlement in Hay-on-Wye.<ref name="cpat" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=CPAT Settlement Survey – Brecon Beacons National Park -Llanigon |url=https://cpat.org.uk/ycom/bbnp/llanigon.pdf |website=Historic Settlement Survey – Brecon Beacons National Park |publisher=Clwyd–Powys Archaeological Trust}}</ref>
[[File:HAY CASTLE 20240812 135520.jpg|alt=Hay Castle|thumb|266x266px|[[Brycheiniog|Hay Castle]]]]
[[File:Mound of Motte and Bailey Castle, Hay-on-Wye - geograph.org.uk - 583726.jpg|alt=Hay-on-Wye Tump|thumb|150x150px|Hay-on-Wye Tump]]
[[Brycheiniog]] (an independent kingdom in Wales) was conquered between 1088 and 1095 following the second [[Norman invasion of Wales]]. The Norman invaders were led by [[Bernard de Neufmarché]], a [[marcher Lord]]. He divided Brycheiniog into smaller [[lordship]]s, which were gifted to the [[knight]]s who contributed to the conquest.<ref name=":49">{{Cite web |title=Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust - The Defensive and Military Landscape |url=https://www.cpat.org.uk/projects/longer/histland/midwye/mwdefend.htm |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=cpat.org.uk}}</ref> The Llanthomas lordship (in Llanigon) was part of the Hay lordship owned by William Revel, one of Bernard's knights.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hay Castles |url=http://www.castles99.ukprint.com/Essays/Wales/hay.html |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.castles99.ukprint.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust - Projects - Historic Landscapes - Middle Wye - Administrative Landscapes |url=https://www.cpat.org.uk/projects/longer/histland/midwye/mwadmini.htm |access-date=2024-11-21 |website=www.cpat.org.uk}}</ref> [[Motte and bailey]] castles were typically built soon after a lordship was allocated to a knight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Four - Castles: Britain's Fortified History, Instruments of Invasion |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04t6n19 |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>
[[File:Blue Plaque near the motte, Hay-on-Wye - geograph.org.uk - 584831.jpg|thumb|185x185px|Hay-on-Wye Tump]]
Hay-on-Wye grew after the [[Norman Conquest|conquest]]. Around 1121, a motte and bailey castle was built near [[St Mary’s Church, Hay-on-Wye|St. Mary's]]. It is thought to have been built by William Revel. The castle remains are known as Hay Tump.<ref name="CPAT">{{cite book |last1=Silvester |first1=R. J. |url=https://www.cpat.org.uk/ycom/bbnp/hayonwye.pdf |title=Historic settlements in the Brecon Beacons National Park |last2=Martin |first2=C. H. R. |last3=Watson |first3=S. E. |date=2013 |publisher=Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust for Cadw |location=Welshpool |chapter=Hay-on-Wye |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=John Paul |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Castles_of_Wales/eIdZEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PT150&printsec=frontcover |title=Castles of Wales |date=2022 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |location=9781526749963 |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref> The church of St Mary's was built around 1135 and took over the role of the principal church and parish for the area. St. Mary's is near Login Brook and the [[River Wye]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust - Projects - Historic Landscapes - Middle Wye - Administrative Landscapes |url=https://www.cpat.org.uk/projects/longer/histland/midwye/mwfunera.htm |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.cpat.org.uk}}</ref><ref name="parish">{{cite book |url=https://www.woolhopeclub.org.uk/system/files/documents/transaction/woolhope-club-1898-99_0.pdf |title=Transactions of the Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club |date=1900 |publisher=Jakeman & Carver |location=Hereford |page=35 |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref>

The main part of the town was subsequently developed on a spur of land between the River Wye and Dulas Brook, about 200 metres east of Hay Tump. The town was fortified with walls and defended by [[Hay Castle]],<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Hay Castle (The Gatehouse Record) |url=https://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Welshsites/58.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info}}</ref> which appears to have been built from the late 12th century onwards. The earlier centre of settlement around Hay Tump and St Mary's Church lay outside the later town walls.<ref name="CPAT" /> A chapel dedicated to St John was subsequently built inside the town walls around 1254.<ref>{{cite web |title=St John's Chapel |url=https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=&id=7380 |website=Cadw |access-date=17 November 2024}}</ref>

In post-[[Norman Conquest|conquest]] times, Hay-on-Wye was divided between two [[Manorialism|manors]], known as an Englishry (i.e. English Hay or Haya Anglicana) and a Welshry (i.e. Welsh Hay or Haya Wallensis).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wales in the Middle Ages |url=https://owain-glyndwr.wales/age_of_the_princes/mediaeval_wales_detail.html |access-date=2024-11-30 |website=owain-glyndwr.wales}}</ref> The Englishry was within the fortified town of Hay. The ''Welshry'' was outside the fortified town; it included some rural land, the village of Llanigon and the hamlet of Glynfach.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lloyd |first=John Edward |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalmemora01lloyuoft/page/n75/mode/2up?q=haya+wall |title=Historical memoranda of Breconshire |date=1903 |publisher=Brecon Printed by E. Owen |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |page=61}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=W.E.T. |date=1852 |title=Transactions of the Woolhope Club - Notes on Llanigon parish |url=https://www.woolhopeclub.org.uk/system/files/documents/transaction/woolhope-club-1898-99_0.pdf |page=35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morgan |first=W.E.T. |date=1921 |title=Further notes on the parish of Llanigon |url=https://www.woolhopeclub.org.uk/system/files/documents/transaction/woolhope-club-1921-2-3_1.pdf |page=13}}</ref>

In 1894,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victorian Hay - early views menu |url=http://history.powys.org.uk/school1/hay/picmenu.shtml |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=history.powys.org.uk}}</ref> Hay Urban parish was created from part of the Hay Urban District. Hay Tump is within the Hay Urban parish. Hay Rural parish was created from the rural part of the parish of Hay, and includes another Norman castle called [[Llanthomas Castle Mound]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Ministry of Works |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.129542/page/n115/mode/2up?q=%22hay+rural%22 |title=List Of Ancient Monuments In England And Wales |date=1961 |page=117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hay Registration District |url=https://www.ukbmd.org.uk/reg/districts/hay.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.ukbmd.org.uk}}</ref> It is on the same lane as the [[Hay Festival]] fields (Dairy Meadows). [[D. J. Cathcart King]]'s list of UK castles numbers Hay Castle as Hay No. 1, Hay Tump as Hay No. 2 and Llanthomas Castle Mound as Hay No. 3.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=D. J. Cathcart |title=Welsh Journals - Brycheiniog, Vol. 7, 1961 |url=https://journals.library.wales/view/1380216/1381527/121#?xywh=-671,216,4598,2174 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=journals.library.wales |page=88 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Hay Castle]] initially took the form of an earth [[ringwork]] with a stone [[gate-tower]].<ref>{{harvnb|King|1961|p=69}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.cpat.org.uk/ycom/bbnp/hayonwye.pdf|title=Hay-on_Wye|publisher=Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust|access-date=2 May 2016|mode=cs2}}</ref> It was reinforced in stone around 1200 with a [[curtain wall (fortification)|curtain wall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpat.org.uk/ycom/bbnp/hayonwye.pdf|title=Hay-on_Wye|publisher=Clwyd Powys Archaeological Trust|access-date=2 May 2016|mode=cs2}}</ref> The castle was damaged during the Welsh rebellion led by [[Owain Glyndŵr]] around 1401, and again in 1460 during the [[Wars of the Roses]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/wales/pp411-418|title='Hay – Herbrandston', in A Topographical Dictionary of Wales|date = 1849|author = Samuel Lewis| publisher=British History Online|access-date=2 May 2016|mode=cs2}}</ref> It was substantially expanded in the 17th century, creating a [[Jacobean architecture|Jacobean]] mansion.<ref name="coflein2">{{cite web|url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/pdf/CPG327/|title=Hay Castle|publisher=Coflein|access-date=2 May 2016|page=2|mode=cs2}}</ref> Substantial restoration work on Hay Castle was completed in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hardaker |first=Alistair |date=2022-05-27 |title=Completed restoration sees Hay Castle publicly open for first time in centuries |url=https://museumsandheritage.com/advisor/posts/completed-restoration-sees-hay-castle-publicly-open-first-time-centuries/ |access-date=2025-03-20 |website=Museums + Heritage |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hay Castle |url=https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-regional-awards/rsaw-award-winners/2024/hay-castle?srsltid=AfmBOooHxOLKsETB7o2jYjtlLAOfRojqo2MMhR9-WcSCQXBZdSplvEHY |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.architecture.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hay Castle Trust |url=https://www.haycastletrust.org/peerages.aspx |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.haycastletrust.org}}</ref>