Editing Haverfordwest (section)

==History==
[[File:Haverfordwest Quay Street.jpg|thumb|Quay Street]]
Haverfordwest has been [[English language|English-speaking]] for centuries. South Pembrokeshire is known as '[[Little England Beyond Wales]]', but because the markets traded with Welsh farmers in the north and east, there has always been a significant [[Welsh-speaking]] influence. The suburb of Prendergast seems to have originated as an extramural Welsh dormitory, dating from the times when all agricultural trade had to pass through the borough, and the fearful Normans before the destruction of Anglo-Norman power in 1136 tried to prevent Welshmen bearing arms from entering within the castle walls after nightfall.

===Origins===
Scores of Iron Age and Roman coinage and artefact discoveries, and excavations by the Dyfed Archaeological Trust under the direction of Heather James at Carmarthen (Moridunum) in the 1980s, point to significant Roman penetration to this westernmost part of Wales. The strategic position of Haverfordwest with its defensive bluff overlooking the lowest fordable point on the western Cleddau and accessible to sea traffic would have required a Roman presence, probably modest in scale, from the 1st century AD to protect supplies to and from the coast, e.g. the Roman legionary headquarters at Caerleon were roofed with slates from the lower slopes of the [[Preseli Hills]]. In 1992, aerial photography identified a [[Roman road]] running to the west of [[Carmarthen]], past [[Wiston, Pembrokeshire|Wiston]] to Poyston Cross, raising the possibility of Roman fortlets at strategic river crossings at [[Whitland]] and Haverfordwest. [[Edward Llwyd]]'s note to Camden's ''Britannia'' (ed. 1695) refers to a valuable find of silver coins at [[Llanboidy]], the latest coin being one of [[Domitian]] struck in AD 91. In the 1920s Sir [[Mortimer Wheeler]] partially excavated a Roman dwelling or villa at Wolfscastle; work was restarted in 2002 by Professor Merroney. James Phillips, in ''The History of Pembrokeshire'' (published 1909), records a find of Roman silver coins in Haverfordwest, the earliest dated coin a [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] and the latest a [[Claudius Gothicus]]. The museum in which the coins were deposited has been "scattered to the winds" and the whereabouts of the coins is unknown.

Phillips claimed that the pre-Norman name of Haverfordwest was Caer Alun, so named by the Emperor [[Magnus Maximus|Maximus]] (Macsim Gwledig). His sources are not given but the ''Cambro-Briton'' in 1822 also recorded that Maximus, the last Roman Emperor of Britain, a man who for a time divided the Roman Empire with [[Theodosius I]], on withdrawing Roman legions from Britain granted civic status and Celtic names to a number of pacified Romano-British settlements, including [[Southampton]], [[Chichester]], [[Old Sarum]] near Salisbury, [[Carmarthen]] (Caerfyrddin) and Haverfordwest (Caer Alun). Maximus had married Elen, a Welsh noblewoman, and they had three sons. Phillips claims that the name actually given to the town was Caer Elen, in honour of his wife (the name later changing to Caer Alun).

===Medieval period===
[[File:HaverfordwestCastle - geograph.org.uk - 25363.jpg|thumb|[[Haverfordwest Castle]]]]
The ecclesiastical centre of the area (perhaps the seat of a bishop in the [[Age of the Saints]]) was probably one of the several churches of the local St Ismael, most probably [[St. Ishmael's]].<ref>Williams, A. H. (1941). ''An Introduction to the History of Wales'': Volume '''I''': ''Prehistoric Times to 1063''. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 120.</ref> This occurred around 1110.<ref>Miles p 12</ref>

The proposition that [[Haverfordwest Castle]] was founded by Tancred, a [[County of Flanders|Flemish]] [[Marcher Lord]],<ref>{{cite journal|first=Mark|last=Muller|title=900 year celebrations for Haverfordwest|journal=Pembrokeshire: The Journal of the Pembrokeshire Historical Society|volume=20|year=2011|pages=53–60}}</ref> is questionable. The Marcher Lords were not Flemish but [[Normans|Norman]] barons originally along the Marches (Anglo-Welsh border).{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} The castle is recorded as having been founded in 1100 by the Norman [[Gilbert Fitz Richard|Gilbert de Clare]]. The Flemings, said to have [[Flemish settlement in Pembrokeshire|arrived in three groups]] in 1107, 1111 and 1151, are likely to have participated in its later development for their own and the Normans' protection from the Welsh warlords. It is recorded that the Constable of the castle in 1207 was Itohert, son of Richard Tancard, possibly a descendant of the first Tancred.

The Flemish presence, reputed to result from floods in the [[Low Countries]], was more likely to have consisted initially of Flemish mercenaries originally in the invading army of [[William the Conqueror]], who in reward for their part in William's victory were granted lands in parts of Northern Britain, and in Wales in the [[Gower Peninsula|Gower]], and [[Geraldus Cambrensis]] recorded their presence in the [[Hundred of Roose]] in Pembrokeshire.

A Fleming, Wizo, who died in 1130 founded at Wiston a motte and bailey fortification, the forerunner of the stone castle, for protection against the Welsh warlords: the Flemings were reportedly unpopular wherever they settled. The precarious position of Normans and Flemings was demonstrated in 1136 when the Normans, having already lost 500 men in battle at [[Loughor]], re-recruited from Lordships from all over [[South Wales]] and led by [[Robert fitz Martin]] at [[Battle of Crug Mawr|Crug Mawr]] near [[Cardigan, Ceredigion|Cardigan]] attacked Owain Gwynedd and his army. Routed, they fled over the Teifi Bridge which collapsed; the retreating Normans drowning under the weight of their armour. Their leader [[Richard Fitz Gilbert de Clare|Richard de Clare]] had previously been intercepted and killed by Iorwerth ab Owen. Wiston and the castle were overrun in 1147 by Hywel Sais, son of Lord Rhys. [[Ranulf Higden]], in his ''Polychronicus'', records the Flemings as extinct in Pembrokeshire by 1327 but Flemish mercenaries reappear in 1400 when at the behest of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] they joined an army of 1,500 English settlers who marched north from Pembrokeshire to attack the army of [[Owain Glyndŵr]] at [[Mynydd Hyddgen]]. The attack was repulsed with heavy casualties and legend has it that English prisoners were spared but surviving Flemish mercenaries were massacred or sold into slavery.

[[File:St Mary's Church Haverfordwest.JPG|thumb|St Mary's Church, viewed from Tower Hill]]
[[File:Chapel Haverfordwest.JPG|thumb|St David & St Patrick Roman Catholic Church, Dew Street]]
[[St Mary's Church, Haverfordwest|St Mary's Church]] originated at the end of the 12th century and the current (Grade I [[Listed building|listed]]) building was constructed between the 13th and 15th centuries<ref>{{National Historic Assets of Wales|num=12226 |desc=St Mary's Church |grade=I |access-date=25 July 2019 }}</ref> and prominently visible at the top of the High Street.

Haverfordwest rapidly grew, initially around the castle and St Martin's Church (the settlement being called Castletown), then spreading into the High Street area. It immediately became the capital of the hundred of [[Roose (hundred)|Roose]] (part of [[Little England beyond Wales]]), and because of its pivotal position, the commercial centre of western [[Dyfed]], which it has remained to this day. In common with other British towns, its growth was rapid during the period up to 1300, and its extent<ref>Miles p 28</ref> by then was much the same as it was in the early 19th century. A large town by the standards of the time, its population was probably around 4,000–5,000. It received its first marcher [[charter]] from [[William Marshall, 1st Earl of Pembroke]] sometime between 1213 and 1219, and obtained the lucrative trading privileges of an English [[borough]]. It traded both by land and sea and had a busy tidal [[quay]] on the river below the "New" Bridge. At least ten [[guild]]s operated, and there was significant [[woollen]] [[cloth]] manufacture. In 1545, the town was designated a [[county corporate]] by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], with the aim of supporting a campaign against [[piracy]] in local waters. It was one of only two such counties corporate in Wales (the other being [[Carmarthen]]), and remained officially "The Town and County of Haverfordwest" until the abolition of the borough in 1974.<ref name=JISC/>

In common with other large towns in Europe, Haverfordwest was hit hard by the [[Black Death]] in 1348, suffering both depopulation (perhaps by more than 50%) and diminution of trade. Large parts of the town were abandoned, and it did not start to recover until the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] period. At the end of the 17th century,<ref>Miles p 23</ref> the town was still significantly smaller than in 1300. In 1405, the town was burned by the French allies of Owain Glyndwr, although in its early history Haverfordwest suffered less than most towns in Wales from such depredations.

===Post-medieval===
During the [[English Civil War]], the [[burgess (title)|burgess]]es of the borough supported Parliament, while the ruling [[gentry]] were Royalist. As a result, there was considerable conflict, and the town changed hands five times.<ref>Miles, p 177</ref> There followed a period of stagnation in which the comparative status of the town declined.

===20th century===
Some 1,200 men of Pembrokeshire lost their lives in [[World War I]], and Haverfordwest was the location chosen for the [[County of Pembroke War Memorial]], unveiled in 1921. Its current location is Picton Place, close by County Hall, and it is Grade II [[listed building|listed]].<ref>{{National Historic Assets of Wales|num=87049 |desc=The War Memorial |grade=II |access-date=20 February 2021 }}</ref> Haverfordwest was bombed for the first time during [[World War II]] on 24 September 1940. The City Road and New Road areas were hit, although there had been little preparation and no warning siren sounded. There were no casualties.<ref>Richards, Bill, ''Pembrokeshire Under Fire: The Story Of The Air Raids OF 1940–1'', Paterchurch Publications, 1995. {{ISBN|1-870745-05-1}}</ref>

Haverfordwest today has the air of a typical small country market town, but the centre still conveys the feel of the important mediaeval borough. The once run-down riverside area has been renovated and Bridge Street has been pedestrianised and improved.

[[Haverford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania|Haverford Township]], [[Haverford, Pennsylvania|Haverford]] and [[Havertown, Pennsylvania|Havertown]] in [[Pennsylvania]], United States, are all named after Haverfordwest.

===21st century===
In October 2022, the remains of 307 people, including children, were unearthed by archaeologists working on the remnants of a [[medieval priory]] found beneath the old Ocky White building, a former department store which closed in 2013. It is believed that the graveyard could have been used until the early 18th century.<ref>{{cite news|last= Scourfield|first=Aled|title=Skeletons: Remains of 240 people under Haverfordwest store|work=BBC News|date=11 October 2022|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-63193600|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>