Editing Hanoi (section)

=== Pre-Thăng Long period ===

Many vestiges of human habitation from the late [[Palaeolithic]] and early [[Mesolithic]] ages can be found in Hanoi. Between 1971 and 1972, archaeologists in Ba Vì and Đông Anh discovered pebbles with traces of carving and processing by human hands that are relics of [[Sơn Vi Culture]], dating from 10,000 to 20,000 years ago.<ref name=cl>{{cite web|title=Prehistoric Co Loa|date=3 August 2013|url=https://www.hoangthanhthanglong.vn/en/co-loa-thoi-tien-su/507|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=16 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616082820/https://www.hoangthanhthanglong.vn/en/co-loa-thoi-tien-su/507|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Phan|Nguyễn|Nguyễn|1997|p=27}} In 1998–1999, the Museum of Vietnamese History (now [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]]) carried out the archaeological studies in the north of {{Interlanguage link|Đồng Mô Lake|lt=Đồng Mô Lake|vi|Hồ Đồng Mô}} ([[Sơn Tây, Hanoi|Sơn Tây]], Hanoi), finding various relics and objects belonging to the [[Sơn Vi culture|Sơn Vi Culture]] dating back to the [[Paleolithic age|Paleolithic Age]] around 20,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web|title=The pre and proto history human traces found in Dong Mo, Son Tay|date=28 February 2014|url=http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3188/15839/the-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=15 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015101321/http://baotanglichsu.vn/en/Articles/3188/15839/the-pre-and-proto-history-human-traces-found-in-dong-mo-son-tay.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During the mid-Holocene transgression, the sea level rose and immersed low-lying areas; geological data clearly show the coastline was inundated and was located near present-day Hanoi, as is apparent from the absence of Neolithic sites across most of the Bac Bo region.{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=12}} Consequently, from about 10,000 to approximately 4,000 years ago, Hanoi in general was completely underwater.<ref name="cl" /> It is believed that the region has been continuously inhabited for the last 4,000 years.{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=144}}{{sfn|Nam C. Kim|2015|p=159}}

==== Kingdom of Âu Lạc and Nanyue ====
In around third century BC, [[An Dương Vương]] established the capital of [[Âu Lạc]] north of present-day Hanoi, where a fortified citadel is constructed, known to history as [[Cổ Loa]],{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=14}} the first political center of the Vietnamese civilization pre-Sinitic era,{{sfn|Miksic|Yian|2016|p=111}} with an outer embankment covering 600 [[hectares]]. In 179 BC, the Âu Lạc Kingdom was annexed by [[Nanyue]], which ushered in more than a thousand years of Chinese domination. Zhao Tuo subsequently incorporated the regions into his [[Nanyue]] domain, but left the indigenous chiefs in control of the population.{{sfn|Jamieson|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=93}}{{sfn|Buttinger|1958|p=92}} For the first time, the region formed part of a polity headed by a Chinese ruler.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=69}}

==== Hanoi under Chinese rule ====
In 111 BC, the Han dynasty [[Han conquest of Nanyue|conquered Nanyue]] and [[First Chinese domination of Vietnam|ruled it]] for the next several hundred years.{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Đào Duy Anh|2016|p=42}} [[Han dynasty]] organized Nanyue into seven commanderies of the south (Lingnan) and now included three in Vietnam alone: Giao Chỉ and Cửu Chân, and a newly established Nhật Nam.{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=30}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=72}}

In March{{sfn|Bielestein|1986|p=271}} of 40 AD, Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, daughters of a wealthy aristocratic family of [[Lac Viet|Lac]] ethnicity{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=235}} in [[Mê Linh district|Mê Linh]] district (Hanoi), led the locals to rise up in rebellion against the Han.{{sfn|Bielestein|1986|p=271}}{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=78}} It began at the [[Red River Delta]], but quickly spread both south and north from Jiaozhi, stirring up all three Lạc Việt regions and most of Lingnan,{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=78}}{{sfn|Brindley|2015|p=235}} gaining the support of about 65 towns and settlements.{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}} Trưng sisters then established their court upriver in Mê Linh.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=79}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=38}} In 42 AD, the Han emperor commissioned general [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] to suppress the uprising with 32,000 men, including 20,000 regulars and 12,000 regional auxiliaries.{{sfn|Yü|1986|p=454}}{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=79}} The rebellion was defeated in the next year as [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] captured and decapitated Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị, then sent their heads to the Han court in [[Luoyang]].{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=80}}

By the middle of the fifth century, in the center of ancient Hanoi, a fortified settlement was founded by the [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] [[Liu Song Dynasty|Liu Song]] [[list of Chinese dynasties|dynasty]] as the [[county seat|seat]] of a new district called [[Tống Bình]] (Songping) within [[Jiaozhi Commandery|Giao Chỉ]] [[commandery (China)|commandery]].{{sfnp|Tran|1977|p=16}} The name refers to its pacification by the dynasty. It was elevated to its own commandery at some point between AD&nbsp;454 and 464.{{sfnp|Loewe|2004|p=60}}  The commandery included the districts of Yihuai (義懷) and Suining (綏寧) in the south of the Red River (now [[Từ Liêm District|Từ Liêm]] and [[Hoài Đức District|Hoài Đức]] districts) with a metropolis in present-day inner Hanoi.<ref>{{cite web|language=es-ES|title=viajes a Vietnam|url=https://rutasvietnam.viajes/|website=rutasvietnam.viajes - ES}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>

==== Protectorate of Annam ====
By the year 679, the [[Tang dynasty]] changed the region's name to [[Annam (Chinese province)|Annan]] ({{Cjkv|c={{linktext|安南}}|p=|v=An Nam|l=pacified south}}), with Songping as its capital.<ref name="en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn">{{cite web|url=http://en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Historical-stages-of-Thang-Long-Hanoi/20099/89.vnplus |title=Historical stages of Thang Long- Hanoi – 1000 Years Thang Long (VietNamPlus) |publisher=En.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn |access-date=24 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104062703/http://en.hanoi.vietnamplus.vn/Home/Historical-stages-of-Thang-Long-Hanoi/20099/89.vnplus |archive-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref>

In the latter half of the eighth century, Zhang Boyi, a viceroy from the [[Tang dynasty]], built Luocheng ({{Cjkv|c=羅城|v=La Thành}}) to suppress popular uprisings. Luocheng extended from Thu Le to Quan Ngua in what is now [[Ba Đình district]]. Over time, in the first half of the ninth century, this fortification was expanded and renamed as Jincheng ({{CJKV|v=Kim Thành}}). In 863, the kingdom of [[Nanzhao]], as well as local rebels, laid siege of Jincheng and defeated the Chinese armies of 150,000.<ref name="ZZTJ250">''Tư trị thông giám'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷250|quyển 250]].</ref>{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=123}} In 866, Chinese [[jiedushi]] [[Gao Pian]] recaptured the city and drove out the Nanzhao and rebels.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=123}} He renamed the city to Daluocheng ({{Cjkv|c=大羅城|v=Đại La Thành}}). He built a wall around the city measuring 6,344 meters, with some sections reaching over eight meters in height.{{sfn|Purton|2009|p=106}} Đại La at the time had approximately 25,000 residents, including small foreign communities of Persians, Arabs, Indian, Cham, Javanese, and [[Church of the East|Nestorian Christians]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china/merchants-of-an-imperial-trade/2736CF75BA700D965FAA934381F261EC/core-reader|title=The Muslim Merchants of Premodern China|chapter=Merchants of an Imperial Trade |series=New Approaches to Asian History|date=1 August 2018|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=12–50 |doi=10.1017/9780511998492.002 |isbn=978-1-107-01268-4|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=20 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220140357/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/muslim-merchants-of-premodern-china/merchants-of-an-imperial-trade/2736CF75BA700D965FAA934381F261EC/core-reader|url-status=live}}</ref> It became an important trading center of the [[Tang dynasty]] due to the ransacking of [[Guangzhou]] by the [[Huang Chao]] rebellion.<ref name="ZZTJ250" /> By early tenth century AD, modern-day Hanoi was known to the Muslim traders as '''Luqin'''.{{sfn|Park|2012|p=62}}