Editing Handicraft (section)

== Handicraft production ==
Handicraft production is a [[Production (economics)|small–scale]] production of [[Widget (economics)|products]] using manual labor. It was especially common in the [[Middle Ages]], during the era of the [[Industrial Revolution]] it was mainly supplanted by [[mass production]], however, it still exists for the production of goods such as [[luxury goods]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.booksite.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/067/812.htm|title=Handicraft Production|website=Great Soviet Encyclopedia}}</ref> The "handmade effect" is a phenomenon where consumers exhibit a preference for products that are crafted by [[Work (human activity)|human labor]] rather than produced through automated or [[Machine Made|robotic processes]]. This preference is particularly pronounced for products with higher symbolic value, where expressing one's [[belief]]s and [[personality]] holds greater significance. [[Consumer]]s, especially in contexts emphasizing symbolic consumption, have a stronger motivation for [[uniqueness]] and associate human labor more closely with product uniqueness. In product categories where [[Mechanization|mechanical production]] is common, consumers are more attracted to products labeled as handmade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Granulo |first=Armin |last2=Fuchs |first2=Christoph |last3=Puntoni |first3=Stefano |date=January 2021 |title=Preference for Human (vs. Robotic) Labor is Stronger in Symbolic Consumption Contexts |url=https://myscp.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcpy.1181 |journal=Journal of Consumer Psychology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=72–80 |doi=10.1002/jcpy.1181 |issn=1057-7408|hdl=1765/129579 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The positive handmade effect on [[Desirability|product attractiveness]] is driven, in large part, by the perception that handmade products symbolically "contain [[love]]."  The handmade effect is influenced by two key factors. Firstly, consumers express stronger intentions to purchase handmade products when buying [[gift]]s for loved ones, compared to more distant recipients. Secondly, they are [[Willingness to pay|willing to pay]] a higher price for handmade gifts when the purchase is motivated by the desire to convey love rather than simply acquiring the best-performing product.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fuchs |first=Christoph |last2=Schreier |first2=Martin |last3=Van Osselaer |first3=Stijn M.J. |date=March 2015 |title=The Handmade Effect: What's Love Got to Do with It? |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1509/jm.14.0018 |journal=Journal of Marketing |language=en |volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=98–110 |doi=10.1509/jm.14.0018 |issn=0022-2429}}</ref>

The handicraft method of production has been used by people since ancient times. Initially, people engaged in handicraft production aimed to satisfy the needs of their own economy, however, with the development of [[Market economy|commodity–money relations]], an increasing number of [[goods]] produced by them began to be supplied to the [[Market (economics)|market]]. Mostly these were household products: dishes, furniture, jewelry, souvenirs, clothes, shoes. However, over time, other goods, such as [[Improvised weapon|weapons]], began to go on sale.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ref-history.ru/hard/ref-kustarnaya-promishlennost.htm|title=Handicraft Production|website=History of the Russian Empire}}</ref>

In [[Russian Empire|pre–revolutionary Russia]], handicraft production was quite widespread: about 30% of all manufactured products were produced by handicraft methods. Products were sold at [[fair]]s, and [[Barter|barter exchange]] was widespread.<ref name=":1" /> With the beginning of [[industrialisation]] and [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|collectivization]] of the Soviet Union, the handicraft mode of production was declared "the highest degree of oppression of the working people" and ceased to exist in almost all spheres of the [[Economy of the Soviet Union|Soviet economy]] except on an informal basis.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://euroasia-science.ru/istoricheskie-nauki/промыслы-и-кустарное-производство-ир|title=Crafts and Handicraft Production of the Irkutsk Province in the Late 19th – First Third of the 20th Century: Conceptual Specificity|website=Eurasian Union of Scientists}}</ref>

Some state economies, such as [[Economy of Vietnam|that of Vietnam]], are largely based on handicraft production. For example, in the 1950s in [[North Vietnam]], there were more than 100,000 handicraft enterprises. In the early 1970s, even before the end of the [[Vietnam War|war]], handicraft production provided about half of all the products of the local industry and almost a third of the total industrial production of the republic. By 1977, after the reunification of Vietnam, there were 700,000 handicraftsmen in [[South Vietnam]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Evgeny Glazunov|chapter=Chapter 3. The Policy of the Party in Relation to the National and Petty Bourgeoisie During the Transition to the Construction of Socialism. Socialist Transformations of Private Industry and Trade|title=Reforming Private Industry and Commerce in Vietnam|location=Moscow|publisher=Publishing House "[[Nauka (publisher)|Science]]", Main Editorial Office of Oriental Literature|year=1981|pages=134, 173}}</ref>

Handicraft production in [[Nepal]] withstands competition with industrial production and foreign goods, which is explained not only by economic and natural–geographical factors, but also by the support and encouragement of the handicraft industry from the state.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gleriy Shirokov|chapter=Nepal|title=Industrialization of Central Asian Countries |publisher=Publishing House "[[Nauka (publisher)|Science]]", Main Editorial Office of Oriental Literature|year=1988|page=23}}</ref>