Editing Hagia Sophia (section)

===Church of Theodosius II===
[[File:Hagia Szophia - Isztambul, 2014.10.23 (14).JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|Theodosian capital for a [[column]], one of the few remains of the church of Theodosius II]]

A second church on the site was ordered by [[Theodosius II]] ({{Reign|402|450}}), who inaugurated it on 10 October 415.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crawford |first=Peter |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1206400173 |title=Roman Emperor Zeno: The Perils of Power Politics in Fifth-Century Constantinople. |date=2019 |publisher=Pen & Sword Books |isbn=978-1-4738-5927-2 |location=Newburyport |pages=14 |oclc=1206400173}}</ref> The ''[[Notitia Urbis Constantinopolitanae]],'' a fifth-century list of monuments, names Hagia Sophia as {{Langx|la|Magna Ecclesia|lit=Great Church|label=none}}, while the former cathedral Hagia Irene is referred to as {{Langx|la|Ecclesia Antiqua|links=no|lit=Old Church|label=none}}. At the time of Socrates of Constantinople around 440, "both churches [were] enclosed by a single wall and served by the same clergy".<ref name="Mainstone-1997" /> Thus, the complex would have encompassed a large area including the future site of the [[Sampson the Hospitable|Hospital of Samson]].<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> If the fire of 404 destroyed only the 4th-century main basilica church, then the 5th century Theodosian basilica could have been built surrounded by a complex constructed primarily during the fourth century.<ref name="Dark-2019e" />

During the reign of Theodosius II, the emperor's elder sister, the ''Augusta'' [[Pulcheria]] ({{Reign|414|453}}) was challenged by the patriarch [[Nestorius]] ({{Reign|10 April 428|22 June 431}}).<ref name="Gregory-2005a">{{Citation |last=Gregory |first=Timothy E. |title=Nestorios |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-3768 |work=The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium |year=2005 |editor-last=Kazhdan |editor-first=Alexander P.|orig-year=1991 |edition=online |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-504652-6 |access-date=2020-10-01}}</ref><ref name="Gregory-2005b">{{Citation |last1=Gregory |first1=Timothy E. |title=Pulcheria |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-4581 |work=The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium |year=2005 |editor-last=Kazhdan |editor-first=Alexander P.|orig-year=1991 |edition=online |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-504652-6 |access-date=2020-10-01 |last2=Culter |first2=Anthony}}</ref> The patriarch denied the ''Augusta'' access to the sanctuary of the "Great Church", likely on 15 April 428.<ref name="Gregory-2005b" /> According to the anonymous ''Letter to Cosmas'', the virgin empress, a promoter of the [[Mary, Mother of Jesus|cult of the Virgin Mary]] who habitually partook in the [[Eucharist]] at the sanctuary of Nestorius's predecessors, claimed right of entry because of her equivalent position to the ''[[Theotokos]]'' – the Virgin Mary – "having given birth to God".<ref name="Krawiec-2008">{{Citation |last=Krawiec |first=Rebecca |title=Pulcheria |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-874 |encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History |year=2008 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Bonnie G. |edition=online |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-514890-9 |access-date=2020-10-01}}</ref><ref name="Gregory-2005b" /> Pulcheria along with [[Pope Celestine I|Pope Celestine&nbsp;I]] and Patriarch [[Cyril of Alexandria]] had Nestorius overthrown, condemned at the ecumenical council, and exiled.<ref name="Krawiec-2008" /><ref name="Gregory-2005a" />

The area of the western entrance to the Justinianic Hagia Sophia revealed the western remains of its Theodosian predecessor, as well as some fragments of the Constantinian church.<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> German archaeologist [[Alfons Maria Schneider]] began conducting [[archaeological excavations]] during the mid-1930s, publishing his final report in 1941.<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> Excavations in the area that had once been the 6th-century atrium of the Justinianic church revealed the monumental western entrance and atrium, along with columns and sculptural fragments from both 4th- and 5th-century churches.<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> Further digging was abandoned for fear of harming the structural integrity of the Justinianic building, but parts of the excavation trenches remain uncovered, laying bare the foundations of the Theodosian building.

The basilica was built by architect Rufinus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Δετοράκης |first=Θεοχάρης Ε |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znPqAAAAMAAJ |title=Αγια Σοφια: ο ναος της Αγιας του Θεου Σοφιας |date=2004 |publisher=Εκδόσεις Έφεσος |isbn=978-960-8326-14-9 |pages=20 |language=el}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exterior, Walls and Architectural Elements |url=https://jstor.org/stable/community.15279815 |quote=Earlier second church ordered by Theodosius II, built by architect Rufinus, current Church was ordered by Emperor Justinian and designed by Greek scientists Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles |last1=Theodosius |first1=Earlier Second Church Ordered by I. I. |last2=Rufinus |first2=Built by Architect |last3=Justinian |first3=Current Church was Ordered by Emperor |last4=Tralles |first4=Designed by Greek Scientists Isidore of Miletus Anthemius of }}</ref> The church's main entrance, which may have had gilded doors, faced west, and there was an additional entrance to the east.<ref name="Mainstone-1997b">{{Cite book |last=Mainstone |first=Rowland J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buQRK64RlPgC |title=Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church |publisher=Thames and Hudson |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-500-27945-8 |location=London |pages=135 |language=en|orig-year=1988}}</ref> There was a central [[pulpit]] and likely an upper gallery, possibly employed as a [[matroneum]] (women's section).<ref name="Mainstone-1997b" /> The exterior was decorated with elaborate carvings of rich Theodosian-era designs, fragments of which have survived, while the floor just inside the portico was embellished with polychrome mosaics.<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> The surviving carved gable end from the centre of the western façade is decorated with a cross-roundel.<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> Fragments of a [[frieze]] of [[relief]]s with 12 lambs representing the [[12 apostles]] also remain; unlike Justinian's 6th-century church, the Theodosian Hagia Sophia had both colourful floor mosaics and external decorative sculpture.<ref name="Dark-2019e" />

At the western end, surviving stone fragments of the structure show there was [[vaulting]], at least at the western end.<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> The Theodosian building had a monumental propylaeum hall with a portico that may account for this vaulting, which was thought by the original excavators in the 1930s to be part of the western entrance of the church itself.<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> The propylaeum opened onto an atrium which lay in front of the basilica church itself. Preceding the propylaeum was a steep monumental staircase following the contours of the ground as it sloped away westwards in the direction of the [[Strategion]], the Basilica, and the harbours of the [[Golden Horn]].<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> This arrangement would have resembled the steps outside the atrium of the Constantinian [[Old St Peter's Basilica]] in Rome.<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> Near the staircase, there was a cistern, perhaps to supply a fountain in the atrium or for worshippers to wash with before entering.<ref name="Dark-2019e" />

The 4th-century ''skeuophylakion'' was replaced in the 5th century by the present-day structure, a [[Rotunda (architecture)|rotunda]] constructed of banded masonry in the lower two levels and of plain brick masonry in the third.<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> Originally this rotunda, probably employed as a treasury for liturgical objects, had a second-floor internal gallery accessed by an external spiral staircase and two levels of niches for storage.<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> A further row of windows with marble window frames on the third level remain bricked up.<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> The gallery was supported on monumental [[Console (architecture)|consoles]] with carved [[Acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]] designs, similar to those used on the late 5th-century [[Column of Leo]].<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> A large [[lintel]] of the ''skeuophylakion''<nowiki/>'s western entrance – bricked up during the Ottoman era – was discovered inside the rotunda when it was archaeologically cleared to its foundations in 1979, during which time the brickwork was also [[repointed]].<ref name="Dark-2019e" /> The ''skeuophylakion'' was again restored in 2014 by the [[Directorate General of Foundations (Turkey)|Vakıflar]].<ref name="Dark-2019e" />

A fire started during the tumult of the [[Nika riots|Nika Revolt]], which had begun nearby in the [[Hippodrome of Constantinople]], and the second Hagia Sophia was burnt to the ground on 13–14 January 532. The court historian [[Procopius]] wrote:<ref name="Loeb-1940" />

{{Blockquote|text=And by way of shewing that it was not against the Emperor alone that they [the rioters] had taken up arms, but no less against God himself, unholy wretches that they were, they had the hardihood to fire the Church of the Christians, which the people of Byzantium call "Sophia", an epithet which they have most appropriately invented for God, by which they call His temple; and God permitted them to accomplish this impiety, foreseeing into what an object of beauty this shrine was destined to be transformed. So the whole church at that time lay a charred mass of ruins. |author=Procopius|title=''De aedificiis''|source=I.1.21{{endash}}22}}

<gallery caption="Remains of the Theodosian Hagia Sophia" class="center" widths="200px" heights="180px" >
File:Hagia Sophia Theodosius 2007 002.jpg|Column and capital with a [[Greek cross]]
File:Theodosius's Hagia Sophia 3.jpg|[[Porphyry (geology)|Porphyry]] column; column capital; [[impost block]]
File:Hagia Sophia Theodosius 2007 007.jpg|Soffits and [[cornice]]
File:CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19Lato.jpg|Theodosian capital
File:CapCorBizPil1SSofiaTeod-19.jpg|Theodosian capital for a [[pilaster]], one of the few remains of the church of Theodosius II
File:Theodosius's Hagia Sophia 17.jpg|[[Soffit]]s
</gallery>