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György Ligeti
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===After leaving Hungary=== In December 1956, two months after the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956|Hungarian uprising]] was violently suppressed by the Soviet Army, Ligeti fled to Vienna with his ex-wife Vera Spitz.<ref>{{cite news|last=Service|first=Tom|author-link=Tom Service|date=17 October 2003|title=Prelude for Pygmies|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51858842/ligeti-service/|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|page=68|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> They remarried in 1957 and had a son together.<ref name="Steinitz 2003, 70–73">{{harvnb|Steinitz|2003|loc=70–73}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Publications |first=Europa |date=2003 |title=The International Who's Who 2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&q=ligeti+international+whos+who&pg=PA1005 |publisher=Psychology Press |page=1005 |isbn=978-1-85743-217-6 }}</ref> He would not see Hungary again for fourteen years, when he was invited there to judge a competition in Budapest.{{sfn|Steinitz|2003|loc=250}} On his rushed escape to Vienna, he left most of his Hungarian compositions in Budapest, some of which are now lost. He took only what he considered to be his most important pieces. He later said, "I considered my old music of no interest. I believed in [[twelve-tone]] music!"{{sfn|Steinitz|2003|loc=73–74}} He eventually took Austrian citizenship in 1968.<ref name="Steinitz 2003, 70–73"/> [[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F004566-0002, Darmstadt, Internationaler Kurs für neue Musik.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Karlheinz Stockhausen]] lecturing at the [[Darmstädter Ferienkurse]], July 1957]] A few weeks after arriving in Vienna, Ligeti left for Cologne.<ref>{{cite news |last=Swed |first=Mark |date=28 May 1989 |title=Ligeti's Eerie Hungarian Rhapsodies |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51857568/ligeti-swed/ |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |location=Los Angeles |page=267 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> There he met several key [[avant-garde]] figures and learned more contemporary musical styles and methods.{{sfn|Benjamin|2007}} These people included the composers [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]] and [[Gottfried Michael Koenig]], both then working on groundbreaking [[electronic music]]. During the summer, he attended the [[Darmstädter Ferienkurse]]. Ligeti worked in the [[Studio for Electronic Music (WDR)|Cologne Electronic Music Studio]] with Stockhausen and Koenig and was inspired by the sounds he heard there. However, he produced little electronic music of his own, instead concentrating on instrumental works which often contain electronic-sounding [[texture (music)|textures]]. After about three years' working with them, he fell out with the [[Cologne School (music)#Related ideas|Cologne School of Electronic Music]], because there was much factional in-fighting: "there were {{sic}} a lot of political fighting because different people, like Stockhausen, like Kagel wanted to be first. And I, personally, have no ambition to be first or to be important."<ref name="bbc.co.uk"/> Between 1961 and 1971 he was guest professor for composition in Stockholm. In 1972 he became composer-in-residence at [[Stanford University]] in the United States.<ref name="bio">{{cite web|url=https://en.karstenwitt.com/artist/gy%C3%B6rgy-ligeti|website=karstenwitt.com|title=György Ligeti, Composer – Biography|access-date=3 January 2023}}</ref> In 1973 Ligeti became professor of composition at the [[Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg|Hamburg Hochschule für Musik und Theater]], eventually retiring in 1989.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rhein |first=John von |date=18 October 2017 |title=At U. of C, a major homage to Ligeti |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51856833/ligeti-rhein/ |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |location=Chicago |page=4-3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> While he was living in Hamburg, his wife Vera remained in Vienna with their son, [[Lukas Ligeti|Lukas]], who later also became a composer.<ref name="nytimes" /> Invited by [[Walter Fink]], Ligeti was the first composer featured in the annual [[Rheingau Musik Festival#Portraits of living composers|Komponistenporträt]] of the [[Rheingau Musik Festival]] in 1990.{{sfn|Anon.|n.d.(a)}} Apart from his far-reaching interest in different styles of music, from Renaissance to African music, Ligeti was also interested in literature (including the writers [[Lewis Carroll]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]], and [[Franz Kafka]]), painting, architecture, science, and mathematics. He was especially fascinated by the [[fractal|fractal geometry]] of [[Benoit Mandelbrot]] and the writings of [[Douglas Hofstadter]].{{sfn|Steinitz|2003|loc={{page needed|date=August 2021}}}}
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