Editing Groningen (section)

==Geography==
There is a town named after Groningen in [[Saramacca District]], Suriname, a former Dutch colony. It was named after the hometown of Dutch governor-general of Suriname [[Jan Wichers]], who established the town as a fort in 1790.

===Canals===
Numerous canals ({{lang|nl|[[Gracht|grachten]]}}) surround the city, locally called {{lang|nl|diep}}. The major canals that travel from the city are the [[Van Starkenborgh Canal]], Eemskanaal, and Winschoterdiep. Groningen's canals, no longer used for commercial goods transport, were once vital hubs in trade and transport. The rivers crossing close to the Binnenstad have been used for trade for at least a {{interlanguage link|Geschiedenis_van_Groningen#Vroege_middeleeuwen|nl|lt=thousand years}}. The Dutch West India Company and foreign investors established their Groningen headquarters in Reitemakersrijge. Additional warehouses were strategically built along the canals at Noorderhaven to store colonial produce.<ref name="linksto"/> These warehouses often held goods obtained from plantations in the Dutch colonies.

===Climate===
Groningen has an oceanic temperate climate, like all of the Netherlands, although slightly colder in winter than other major cities in the Netherlands due to its northeasterly position.<ref>{{cite web |title=The weather and surroundings of Groningen |url=https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/dutch/0/steps/2052 |publisher=FutureLearn |access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref> Weather is influenced by the North Sea to the north-west and its prevailing north-western winds and gales.<ref name="Homans1859">{{cite book |author=J. Smith Homans |title=A Cyclopedia of Commerce and Commercial Navigation, with Maps and Engravings: To which is Now Added a Chart of the Bay and Harbor of New York, with the Soundings of East River, North River, Harlem River, Newark Bay, and New York Bay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHZQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA976 |year=1859 |publisher=Harper & Brothers |pages=970–990}}</ref>

Summers are somewhat warm and humid.<ref name="encyclopedia1879">{{cite book |author=Popular encyclopedia |title=The popular encyclopedia; or, 'Conversations Lexicon': &#91;ed. by A. Whitelaw from the Encyclopedia Americana&#93;. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVhbdonnwj0C&pg=PA468 |year=1879 |pages=468–470}}</ref> Temperatures of {{cvt|30|°C|0}} or higher occur sporadically; the average daytime high is around {{cvt|22|°C|0}}. Very rainy periods are common, especially in spring and summer. Average annual precipitation is about {{cvt|800|mm|0}}. Annual sunshine hours vary, but are usually below 1600&nbsp;hours, giving much cloud cover similar to most of the Netherlands. Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The [[Köppen Climate Classification]] subtype for this climate is "[[Köppen climate classification#Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates|Cfb]]". (Marine West Coast Climate/[[Oceanic climate]]).<ref name="weatherbase1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=592559&cityname=Groningen,+Groningen,+Netherlands&units= |title=Groningen, Netherlands Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |website=Weatherbase |access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref>

Winters are cool; on average above freezing, although frosts are common during spells of easterly winds.<ref name="Brechin.)(F.R.S.)1794">{{cite book |author1=William GUTHRIE (of Brechin.) |author2=James FERGUSON (F.R.S.) |author3=William Herschel |title=A new geographical, historical, and commercial Grammar. Fourteenth edition, illustrated with a correct set of maps |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rNfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA449 |year=1794 |pages=449–451}}</ref> Night-time temperatures of {{cvt|-10|°C|0}} or lower are not uncommon during cold winter periods. The lowest temperature ever recorded is {{cvt|-26.8|°C|1}} on 16 February 1956. Snow often falls, but rarely stays long due to warmer daytime temperatures, although white snowy days happen every winter.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Meteorological Magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8A4eAQAAIAAJ |volume=119 |year=1990 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=28}}</ref>
{{Weather box
| location=Groningen ([[Groningen Airport Eelde]]), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1906–present
| metric first=y
| single line=y
| collapsed=

| Jan record high C=14.5
| Feb record high C=18.9
| Mar record high C=24.0
| Apr record high C=28.8
| May record high C=32.8
| Jun record high C=33.8
| Jul record high C=36.9
| Aug record high C=36.3
| Sep record high C=32.6
| Oct record high C=27.4
| Nov record high C=19.4
| Dec record high C=15.4
| year record high C=36.9

| Jan high C=5.2
| Feb high C=6.0
| Mar high C=9.5
| Apr high C=14.2
| May high C=17.6
| Jun high C=20.4
| Jul high C=22.7
| Aug high C=22.6
| Sep high C=19.0
| Oct high C=14.2
| Nov high C=9.0
| Dec high C=5.9
| year high C=13.9

| Jan mean C=2.8
| Feb mean C=3.0
| Mar mean C=5.5
| Apr mean C=9.0
| May mean C=12.5
| Jun mean C=15.4
| Jul mean C=17.5
| Aug mean C=17.3
| Sep mean C=14.1
| Oct mean C=10.3
| Nov mean C=6.3
| Dec mean C=3.5
| year mean C=9.8

| Jan low C=0.1
| Feb low C=-0.1
| Mar low C=1.4
| Apr low C=3.7
| May low C=7.0
| Jun low C=9.9
| Jul low C=12.2
| Aug low C=11.9
| Sep low C=9.6
| Oct low C=6.3
| Nov low C=3.2
| Dec low C=0.8
| year low C=5.5

| Jan record low C=-22.0
| Feb record low C=-22.9
| Mar record low C=-18.4
| Apr record low C=-8.1
| May record low C=-3.4
| Jun record low C=0.1
| Jul record low C=2.5
| Aug record low C=3.2
| Sep record low C=-1.0
| Oct record low C=-6.9
| Nov record low C=-13.6
| Dec record low C=-22.0
| year record low C=-22.9

| precipitation colour=green
| Jan precipitation mm=72.7
| Feb precipitation mm=54.7
| Mar precipitation mm=54.1
| Apr precipitation mm=41.3
| May precipitation mm=57.9
| Jun precipitation mm=65.0
| Jul precipitation mm=85.0
| Aug precipitation mm=77.8
| Sep precipitation mm=75.4
| Oct precipitation mm=71.4
| Nov precipitation mm=70.0
| Dec precipitation mm=79.4
| year precipitation mm=804.7
| unit precipitation days=1&nbsp;mm
| Jan precipitation days=13.3
| Feb precipitation days=10.6
| Mar precipitation days=10.3
| Apr precipitation days=8.5
| May precipitation days=9.5
| Jun precipitation days=10.3
| Jul precipitation days=11.7
| Aug precipitation days=11.5
| Sep precipitation days=11.1
| Oct precipitation days=12.1
| Nov precipitation days=13.2
| Dec precipitation days=14.0
| year precipitation days=136.1

| Jan snow days=8
| Feb snow days=7
| Mar snow days=5
| Apr snow days=2
| May snow days=0
| Jun snow days=0
| Jul snow days=0
| Aug snow days=0
| Sep snow days=0
| Oct snow days=0
| Nov snow days=3
| Dec snow days=6
| year snow days=33

| Jan humidity=90
| Feb humidity=88
| Mar humidity=85
| Apr humidity=79
| May humidity=79
| Jun humidity=81
| Jul humidity=82
| Aug humidity=83
| Sep humidity=86
| Oct humidity=89
| Nov humidity=91
| Dec humidity=92

| Jan sun=60.7
| Feb sun=86.1
| Mar sun=139.0
| Apr sun=188.7
| May sun=218.0
| Jun sun=198.6
| Jul sun=212.3
| Aug sun=196.3
| Sep sun=150.7
| Oct sun=112.9
| Nov sun=63.4
| Dec sun=56.1
| year sun=1682.8
| source=[[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]]<ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.klimaatatlas.nl/tabel/stationsdata/klimtab_8110_280.pdf |title=Klimaattabel Eelde, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1981–2010 |publisher=[[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]] |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://weerstatistieken.nl/eelde/1906/januari |title=Eelde, gehomogeniseerde langjarige extremen, tijdvak 1906–2022 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute |access-date=19 May 2022}}</ref>
|date=November 2014}}