Editing Green anarchism (section)

===Roots===
The ecological roots of anarchism go back to the classical anarchists, such as [[Pierre-Joseph Proudhon]] and [[Mikhail Bakunin]], who both conceived of [[human nature]] as the basis for anarchism.{{Sfn|Price|2019|p=281}} Drawing from Charles Darwin's work,{{Sfn|Morris|2017|p=370}} Bakunin considered people to be an intrinsic part of their environment.{{Sfnm|1a1=Hall|1y=2011|1p=378|2a1=Morris|2y=2017|2p=370}} Bakunin rejected [[Cartesian dualism]], denying its [[anthropocentrism|anthropocentric]] and [[Mechanism (philosophy)|mechanistic]] separation of [[human]]ity from [[nature]].{{Sfn|Morris|2017|pp=370-371}} However, he also saw humans as uniquely capable of self-determination and called for humanity to achieve a mastery of its own natural environment as a means to achieve [[freedom]].{{Sfn|Hall|2011|p=378}} Bakunin's [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalism]] was developed into an [[Philosophy of ecology|ecological philosophy]] by the geographers [[Peter Kropotkin]] and [[Éliseé Reclus]], who conceived the relationship between human society and nature as a [[dialectic]]. Their [[environmental ethics]], which combined [[social justice]] with [[environmental protection]], anticipated the green anarchist philosophies of [[social ecology (Bookchin)|social ecology]] and [[bioregionalism]].{{Sfn|Morris|2017|p=371}}

[[File:Peter_Kropotkin_circa_1900.jpg|thumb|alt=Portrait photograph of Peter Kropotkin|right|[[Peter Kropotkin]], an early environmentalist figure and a predecessor of the green anarchist tendency]]
Like Bakunin before him, Kropotkin extolled the [[domestication]] of nature by humans, but also framed humanity as an intrinsic part of its natural environment and placed great value in the natural world.{{Sfn|Hall|2011|p=378}} Kropotkin was among the first environmentalist thinkers to note the connections between industrialisation, environmental degradation and [[Marx's theory of alienation|workers' alienation]]. In contrast to [[Marxism|Marxists]], who called for an increase in industrialisation, Kropotkin argued for the [[Localism (politics)|localisation]] of the economy, which he felt would increase people's connection with the land and halt environmental damage.{{Sfn|Parson|2018|p=220}} In ''[[Fields, Factories and Workshops]]'', Kropotkin advocated for the satisfaction of human needs through [[horticulture]], and the [[decentralization|decentralisation]] and [[degrowth]] of industry.{{Sfn|Ward|2004|p=90}} He also criticised the [[division of labour]], both between [[White-collar worker|mental]] and [[manual labour]]ers, and between the [[peasants|rural peasantry]] and [[proletariat|urban proletariat]].{{Sfn|Parson|2018|pp=222-223}} In ''[[Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution]]'', he elaborated on the natural basis for [[communism]],{{Sfn|Price|2019|p=281}} depicting the formation of [[social organization|social organisation]] among [[animals]] through the practice of [[Mutual aid (organization theory)|mutual aid]].{{Sfn|Hall|2011|p=378}} 

Reclus himself argued that environmental degradation caused by industrialisation, exemplified to him by mass [[deforestation]] in the [[Pacific Northwest]], was characteristic of the "barbarity" of modern [[civilisation]], which he felt subordinated both workers and the environment to the goal of [[capital accumulation]].{{Sfn|Parson|2018|pp=222-223}} Reclus was also one of the earliest figures to develop the idea of "[[total liberation]]", directly comparing the [[exploitation of labour]] with [[cruelty to animals]] and thus advocating for both [[human rights|human]] and [[animal rights]].{{Sfn|Parson|2018|pp=220-221}} 

Kropotkin and Reclus' synthesis of environmental and social justice formed the foundation for [[eco-socialism]], chiefly associated with [[libertarian socialism|libertarian socialists]] who advocated for a "[[Back to nature|return to nature]]", such as [[Robert Blatchford]], [[William Morris]] and [[Henry Stephens Salt|Henry Salt]].{{Sfn|Morris|2017|pp=372-373}} Ecological aspects of anarchism were also emphasised by [[Emma Goldman]] and [[Alexander Berkman]], who, drawing from the work of Henry David Thoreau, conceived of anarchism as a means to promote unity between humans and the natural world.{{Sfn|Hall|2011|p=379}} These early ecological developments in anarchism lay the foundations for the elaboration of green anarchism in the 1960s, when it was first taken up by figures within the [[New Left]].{{Sfnm|1a1=Morris|1y=2017|1p=374|2a1=Parson|2y=2018|2pp=220-223}}