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== Geography == [[File:Purling Brook Falls lookout Gold Coast.jpg|thumb|View from the lookout at [[Purling Brook Falls]] in the [[Gold Coast hinterland]]]] [[File:Goldcoast Queensland Australia aerial view.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Gold Coast suburbs: [[Mermaid Waters]] (left) and [[Broadbeach Waters, Queensland|Broadbeach Waters]] (right). The image depicts the man-made [[canals]] of the city, built to accommodate housing development.]] The Gold Coast is approximately half covered by forests of various types. This includes small patches of near-pristine ancient rainforest, mangrove-covered islands, and patches of coastal heathlands and farmland with areas of uncleared eucalyptus forest. Of the plantation pine forests that were planted in the 1950s and 1960s, when commercial forest planting for tax minimisation was encouraged by the Commonwealth government, tiny remnants remain.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Gold Coast Transformed |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/20/pid/7365.htm |editor1=Hundloe, Tor |editor2=McDougall, Bridgette |editor3=Page, Craig |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=9781486303298 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904063650/http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/20/pid/7365.htm |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=24 March 2015 }}</ref> Most of the Gold Coast area was covered by forest prior to European human settlement and extensive land clearing in the 19th century.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} Gold Coast City lies in the southeast corner of [[Queensland]], to the south of [[Brisbane]], the state capital. The [[Albert River, Queensland|Albert River]] separates the Gold Coast from [[Logan City, Queensland|Logan City]], a local government area south of the [[City of Brisbane]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} Gold Coast City stretches from the Albert River, [[Logan River]], and [[Southern Moreton Bay Islands (Redland City)|Southern Moreton Bay]] to the border with [[New South Wales]] (NSW) approximately {{convert|56|km|mi|abbr=on}} south, and extends from the coast west to the foothills of the [[Great Dividing Range]] in [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage]] listed [[Lamington National Park]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}[[File:Goldcoast skyline seen from Coolangatta.jpg|thumb|Goldcoast skyline seen from Coolangatta]]The southernmost town of Gold Coast City, [[Coolangatta, Queensland|Coolangatta]], includes [[Point Danger (Tweed Heads)|Point Danger]] and its [[lighthouse]]. Coolangatta is a twin city with [[Tweed Heads]] located directly across the NSW border. At {{Coord|28.1667|S|153.55|E|region:AU-QLD}}, this is the most easterly point on the Queensland mainland (Point Lookout on the offshore island of [[North Stradbroke Island|North Stradbroke]] is slightly further east). From Coolangatta, approximately forty kilometres of holiday resorts and surfing beaches stretch north to the suburb of Main Beach, and then further on Stradbroke Island. The suburbs of [[Southport, Queensland|Southport]] and [[Surfers Paradise]] form the Gold Coast's commercial centre. The major river in the area is the [[Nerang River]]. Much of the land between the coastal strip and the hinterland were once [[wetlands]] drained by this river, but the swamps have been converted into man-made waterways (over {{convert|260|km|mi}} in length<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/thegoldcoast/boating-969.html |title=Boating |publisher=Gold Coast City Council |date=17 June 2010 |access-date=27 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310212342/http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/thegoldcoast/boating-969.html |archive-date=10 March 2013 }}</ref> or over 9 times the length of the canals of [[Venice]], Italy) and artificial islands covered in upmarket homes. The heavily developed coastal strip sits on a narrow barrier [[sandbar]] between these waterways and the sea.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} To the west, the city borders a part of the [[Great Dividing Range]] commonly referred to as the [[Gold Coast hinterland]]. A {{convert|206|km2|abbr=on}} section of the mountain range is protected by [[Lamington National Park]] and has been listed as a [[World Heritage]] area in recognition of its "outstanding geological features displayed around shield volcanic craters and the high number of rare and threatened rainforest species".<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/368|title=UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510114048/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/368/ |archive-date=10 May 2015 }}</ref> The area attracts [[bushwalking|bushwalkers]] and day-trippers. Important rainforest pollinating and seed-dispersing Black flying foxes (Pteropus alecto) are found in the area and may be heard foraging at night.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Australia |first=Atlas of Living |title=Species: Pteropus alecto (Black Flying-Fox) |url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/436a63cc-d6db-4447-ae25-94ac104a9732 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=bie.ala.org.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> [[File:Skylines of Surfers Paradise seen from Home of the Arts, Queensland, 2023, 06.jpg|thumb|The skyline of [[Surfers Paradise, Queensland|Surfers Paradise]] and its surrounds, as viewed from the [[Home of the Arts, Gold Coast|Home of the Arts]]]] === Urban structure === {{Main|List of Gold Coast suburbs}} The City of Gold Coast includes suburbs, localities, towns and [[rural district]]s. The declaration of Southport as a Priority Development Area (PDA) and new investment into the CBD is driving transformative change and creating new business and investment opportunities.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} [[File:Surfers from 76 Stories-11+ (150849045).jpg|thumb|Suburban canals, as viewed from the [[Q1 (building)|Q1]]]] ===Waterways=== Waterfront canal living is a feature of the Gold Coast. Most canal frontage homes have pontoons. The [[Gold Coast Seaway]], between [[Southport Spit, Queensland|The Spit]] and [[South Stradbroke Island]], allows vessels direct access to the Pacific Ocean from [[Gold Coast Broadwater|The Broadwater]] and many of the city's canal estates. Breakwaters on either side of the Seaway prevent [[longshore drift]] and the bar from silting up. A sand pumping operation on the Spit pipes sand under the Seaway to continue this natural process.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} Residential canals were first built in the Gold Coast in the 1950s and construction continues. Most canals are extensions to the Nerang River, but there are more to the south along [[Tallebudgera Creek]] and [[Currumbin Creek]] and to the north along the [[Gold Coast Broadwater]], [[South Stradbroke Island]], [[Coomera River]] and southern Moreton Bay. Early canals included Florida Gardens and [[Isle of Capri, Queensland|Isle of Capri]] which were under construction at the time of a 1954 flood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/emergency/2014-02-18/unnamed-great-gold-coast-cyclone-february-1954/5266720|title=The Great Gold Coast Cyclone – February 1954|author=Damien Larkins|date=20 February 2014|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=25 February 2019|archive-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224045341/https://www.abc.net.au/news/emergency/2014-02-18/unnamed-great-gold-coast-cyclone-february-1954/5266720|url-status=live}}</ref> Recently constructed canals include Harbour Quays and Riverlinks completed in 2007. There are over {{convert|890|km|mi}} of constructed residential waterfront land within the city that is home to over 80,000 residents.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} ===Beaches=== [[File:Beach entrance at Surfers Paradise, Queensland.jpg|thumb|The entrance to [[Surfers Paradise]] beach]] The city consists of {{convert|70|km|mi}} of coastline, with some of the most popular [[Surfing|surf]] breaks in Australia and the world, including [[South Stradbroke Island]], [[Southport Spit, Queensland|The Spit]], [[Main Beach, Queensland|Main Beach]], [[Surfers Paradise, Queensland|Surfers Paradise]], [[Broadbeach, Queensland|Broadbeach]], Mermaid Beach, Nobby's Beach, [[Miami, Queensland|Miami]], North Burleigh Beach, Burleigh Beach, [[Burleigh Heads, Queensland|Burleigh Heads]], Tallebudgera Beach, [[Palm Beach, Queensland|Palm Beach]], South Palm Beach, Currumbin Beach, Tugun, [[Bilinga, Queensland|Bilinga]], North Kirra Beach [[Kirra, Queensland|Kirra]], [[Coolangatta, Queensland|Coolangatta]], [[Greenmount Beach|Greenmount]], Rainbow Bay, [[Snapper Rocks]] and Froggies Beach. There is almost 42 km of unbroken beachfront. [[Duranbah Beach]] is one of the world's best known [[surfing]] beaches and is often thought of as being part of Gold Coast City, but is actually just across the [[New South Wales]] state border in the [[Tweed Shire]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} There are also beaches along many of the Gold Coast's {{convert|860|km|mi|abbr=on}} of navigable tidal waterways. Popular inland beaches include [[Southport, Queensland|Southport]], Budds Beach, Marine Stadium, [[Currumbin Alley]], Tallebudgera Estuary, Jacobs Well, Jabiru Island, Paradise Point, Harley Park Labrador, Santa Barbara, Boykambil and Evandale Lake.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://doi.org/10.1071/9781486303304 |title=Gold Coast Transformed |date=2015 |publisher=CSIRO Publishing |isbn=978-1-4863-0330-4 |editor-last=Hundloe |editor-first=Tor |editor-last2=McDougall |editor-first2=Bridgette |editor-last3=Page |editor-first3=Craig}}</ref>[[File:Gold Coast summer, Burleigh Heads Beach.jpg|thumb|right|[[Burleigh Heads]] beach with Surfers Paradise skyline visible on the horizon]]'''Beach safety and management''' The Gold Coast has Australia's largest<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/t_standard2.aspx?PID=50 |title=Gold Coast Lifeguard Services |publisher=Gold Coast City Council |access-date=2 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712192548/http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/t_standard2.aspx?pid=50 |archive-date=12 July 2010 }}</ref> professional [[surf lifesaving]] service to protect people on the beaches and to promote surf safety throughout the community. The [[Queensland Department of Primary Industries]] carries out the Queensland Shark Control Program (SCP) to protect swimmers from sharks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/28_15736.htm|title=Queensland Shark Control Program|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504160624/http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/28_15736.htm |archive-date=4 May 2012 }}</ref> Sharks are caught by using nets and baited drumlines off the major swimming beaches. Even with the SCP, sharks do range within sight of the [[beach patrol|patrolled beaches]]. [[Lifeguard]]s will clear swimmers from the water if it is considered that there is a safety risk.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}} Gold Coast beaches have experienced periods of severe [[Coastal erosion|beach erosion]]. In 1967, a series of 11 cyclones removed most of the sand from Gold Coast beaches. The [[Government of Queensland]] engaged engineers from [[Delft University]] in the Netherlands to advise what to do about the beach erosion. The Delft Report<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archives.qld.gov.au/1972cabdocs/beach.asp |title=Delft Report |publisher=Queensland Government |date=20 May 2004 |access-date=2 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227110052/http://www.archives.qld.gov.au/1972cabdocs/beach.asp |archive-date=27 February 2011 }}</ref> was published in 1971 and outlined a series of works for Gold Coast Beaches including [[Gold Coast Seaway]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gu.edu.au/centre/gccm/InfoSheet/Seaway.pdf|title=Gold Coast Seaway|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060830212521/http://www.gu.edu.au/centre/gccm/InfoSheet/Seaway.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2006 }}</ref> works at [[Narrow Neck, Queensland|Narrow Neck]] that resulted in the Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coastalmanagement.com.au/projects/NGCBPS/ |title=Northern Gold Coast Beach Protection Strategy |publisher=International Coastal Management |access-date=2 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131021435/http://www.coastalmanagement.com.au/projects/NGCBPS |archive-date=31 January 2010 }}</ref> and works at the [[Tweed River (New South Wales)|Tweed River]] that became the [[Tweed River (New South Wales)|Tweed River]] Entrance Sand Bypassing Project.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tweedsandbypass.nsw.gov.au/ |title=Tweed River Entrance Sand Bypassing Project |publisher=New South Wales Government |work=Tweed Sand Bypassing |access-date=2 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308123747/http://www.tweedsandbypass.nsw.gov.au/ |archive-date=8 March 2010 }}</ref> By 2005 most of the recommendations of the 1971 Delft Report had been implemented. [[City of Gold Coast]] commenced implementation of the [[Palm Beach, Queensland|Palm Beach]] Protection Strategy<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/t_standard2.aspx?pid=651|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212161927/http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/t_standard2.aspx?pid=651|url-status=dead|title=Palm Beach Protection Strategy|archivedate=12 December 2007}}</ref> but ran into considerable opposition from the community participating in a NO REEF protest campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sargesdailysurf.com/archives/news/2004/0104/240104b.html |title=No Reef Campaign |work=SargesDailySurf.com |access-date=2 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013224829/http://sargesdailysurf.com/archives/news/2004/0104/240104b.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 }}</ref> The [[City of Gold Coast Council]] then committed to completing a review of beach management practices to update the Delft Report. The [[Gold Coast Shoreline Management Plan]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070218074629/http://www.griffith.edu.au/centre/gccm/gcsmp/ Gold Coast Shoreline Management Plan] Griffith University</ref> will be delivered by organisations including the [[Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland)|Environmental Protection Agency]], [[City of Gold Coast]] and the Griffith Centre for Coastal Management. Gold Coast City is also investing into the quality and capacity of the [[Gold Coast Oceanway]] that provides [[sustainable transport]] along Gold Coast beaches.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Take the sustainable transport challenge|url=https://www.wearegoldcoast.com.au/articles/sustainable-transport|access-date=2021-08-28|website=WeAreGC|language=en-US|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828191643/https://www.wearegoldcoast.com.au/articles/sustainable-transport|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Climate=== The Gold Coast experiences a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa/Cwa]]''), with mild to warm winters and hot, humid summers. The city experiences substantial summer precipitation mostly concentrated in thunderstorms and heavy showers with rain events occasionally lasting up to a few weeks at a time giving residents "the summer blues",<ref>[https://www.queensland.com/au/en/places-to-see/destinations/gold-coast/things-to-do-when-it-rains-gold-coast How to spend a rainy day on the Gold Coast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803055044/https://www.queensland.com/au/en/places-to-see/destinations/gold-coast/things-to-do-when-it-rains-gold-coast |date=3 August 2023 }} Tourism & Events Queensland. Retrieved 3 August 2023.</ref> while winter is pleasantly mild to warm with little rain. In fact, it is for this pleasant winter weather that both the city and the [[Sunshine Coast, Queensland|Sunshine Coast]]—the coastal region north of Brisbane—are internationally renowned. Extreme temperatures recorded at [[Gold Coast Seaway]] have ranged from {{convert|2.5|°C|°F|sigfig=2}} on 19 July 2007 to {{convert|40.5|°C|°F|sigfig=3}} on 22 February 2005, although the city rarely experiences temperatures above {{convert|35|°C|°F|sigfig=2}} in summer or below {{convert|5|°C|°F}} in winter.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|access-date=23 January 2014|title=Climate statistics for Australian locations: Gold Coast Seaway|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_040764_All.shtml|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201233107/http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_040764_All.shtml|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> The average temperature of the sea at [[Surfers Paradise]] ranges from {{convert|21.5|C|1}} in July and August to {{convert|27.1|C|1}} in February.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/gold-coast.htm|title=Gold Coast Sea Temperature|website=World Sea Temperatures|access-date=22 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727215854/http://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/gold-coast.htm|archive-date=27 July 2016}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Gold Coast, Seaway (1992–2020) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 38.5 |Feb record high C = 40.5 |Mar record high C = 36.3 |Apr record high C = 33.3 |May record high C = 29.4 |Jun record high C = 27.1 |Jul record high C = 28.9 |Aug record high C = 32.4 |Sep record high C = 33.0 |Oct record high C = 36.8 |Nov record high C = 35.5 |Dec record high C = 39.4 |year record high C = |Jan avg record high C = 33.2 |Feb avg record high C = 32.7 |Mar avg record high C = 32.5 |Apr avg record high C = 29.7 |May avg record high C = 26.9 |Jun avg record high C = 24.9 |Jul avg record high C = 25.1 |Aug avg record high C = 26.5 |Sep avg record high C = 29.1 |Oct avg record high C = 31.3 |Nov avg record high C = 31.8 |Dec avg record high C = 33.3 |year avg record high C = |Jan high C = 28.9 |Feb high C = 28.7 |Mar high C = 28.0 |Apr high C = 26.1 |May high C = 23.6 |Jun high C = 21.4 |Jul high C = 21.3 |Aug high C = 22.1 |Sep high C = 24.0 |Oct high C = 25.4 |Nov high C = 26.9 |Dec high C = 28.0 |year high C = |Jan mean C = 25.4 |Feb mean C = 25.2 |Mar mean C = 24.5 |Apr mean C = 22.2 |May mean C = 19.5 |Jun mean C = 17.3 |Jul mean C = 16.7 |Aug mean C = 17.3 |Sep mean C = 19.4 |Oct mean C = 21.1 |Nov mean C = 23.0 |Dec mean C = 24.2 |Jan low C = 21.9 |Feb low C = 21.8 |Mar low C = 20.9 |Apr low C = 18.3 |May low C = 15.4 |Jun low C = 13.3 |Jul low C = 12.0 |Aug low C = 12.5 |Sep low C = 14.8 |Oct low C = 16.9 |Nov low C = 19.0 |Dec low C = 20.5 |year low C = |Jan avg record low C= 18.8 |Feb avg record low C= 19.3 |Mar avg record low C= 17.6 |Apr avg record low C= 14.4 |May avg record low C= 10.5 |Jun avg record low C= 7.9 |Jul avg record low C= 7.1 |Aug avg record low C= 7.7 |Sep avg record low C= 10.5 |Oct avg record low C= 12.5 |Nov avg record low C= 15.1 |Dec avg record low C= 17.0 |year avg record low C= |Jan record low C = 16.7 |Feb record low C = 17.2 |Mar record low C = 13.4 |Apr record low C = 8.9 |May record low C = 6.6 |Jun record low C = 3.8 |Jul record low C = 2.5 |Aug record low C = 4.2 |Sep record low C = 7.9 |Oct record low C = 9.4 |Nov record low C = 8.2 |Dec record low C = 14.7 |year record low C = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 136.7 |Feb precipitation mm = 183.4 |Mar precipitation mm = 134.0 |Apr precipitation mm = 118.7 |May precipitation mm = 97.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 113.9 |Jul precipitation mm = 49.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 54.8 |Sep precipitation mm = 41.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 87.4 |Nov precipitation mm = 106.7 |Dec precipitation mm = 129.0 |year precipitation mm = |unit precipitation days = 1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 8.8 |Feb precipitation days = 10.3 |Mar precipitation days = 11.0 |Apr precipitation days = 8.6 |May precipitation days = 8.1 |Jun precipitation days = 7.2 |Jul precipitation days = 5.0 |Aug precipitation days = 4.3 |Sep precipitation days = 5.1 |Oct precipitation days = 6.3 |Nov precipitation days = 8.0 |Dec precipitation days = 9.3 |year precipitation days = |Jan afthumidity = 70 |Feb afthumidity = 70 |Mar afthumidity = 68 |Apr afthumidity = 65 |May afthumidity = 62 |Jun afthumidity = 58 |Jul afthumidity = 55 |Aug afthumidity = 56 |Sep afthumidity = 62 |Oct afthumidity = 66 |Nov afthumidity = 68 |Dec afthumidity = 69 |year humidity = |source 1 = [[Bureau of Meteorology]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Climate statistics for Australian locations |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=040764&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817195729/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/cvg/av?p_stn_num=040764&p_prim_element_index=0&p_comp_element_index=0&redraw=null&p_display_type=full_statistics_table&normals_years=1991-2020&tablesizebutt=normal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly highest temperature |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=040764 |publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206150724/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=40&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=040764 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Monthly lowest temperature |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=43&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=040764 |publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]] |access-date=28 December 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206145614/http://www.bom.gov.au/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p_nccObsCode=43&p_display_type=dataFile&p_startYear=&p_c=&p_stn_num=040764 |url-status=live }}</ref> }}
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