Editing Goidelic languages (section)

==Origin, history, and range==
[[File:Map Gaels Brythons Picts.png|thumb|[[Great Britain|Britain]] and [[Ireland]] in the first few centuries of the 1st millennium, before the [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain|founding of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms]].
{{legend|#548556|outline=#aaaaaa|Mainly Goidelic areas}}
{{legend|#2272C4|outline=#aaaaaa|Mainly [[Pictish language|Pictish]] areas}}
{{legend|#DE3333|outline=#aaaaaa|Mainly [[Brittonic languages|Brittonic]] areas}}{{paragraph break}}
Goidelic language and culture would eventually become dominant in the Pictish area and far northern parts of the Brittonic area.]]

During the historical era, Goidelic was restricted to [[Ireland]] and, possibly, the west coast of [[Scotland]]. Medieval Gaelic literature tells us that the kingdom of [[Dál Riata]] emerged in western Scotland during the 6th century. The mainstream view is that Dál Riata was founded by Irish migrants, but this is not universally accepted. Archaeologist [[Ewan Campbell]] says there is no archaeological evidence for a migration or invasion, and suggests strong sea links helped maintain a pre-existing Gaelic culture on both sides of the [[North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)|North Channel]].<ref name=ewancampbell>Campbell, Ewan. "[https://www.electricscotland.com/history/articles/scotsirish.htm Were the Scots Irish?]" in ''Antiquity'' #75 (2001).</ref>

Dál Riata grew in size and influence, and Gaelic language and culture was eventually adopted by the neighbouring [[Picts]] (a group of peoples who may have spoken [[Pictish language|a Brittonic language]]) who lived throughout [[history of Scotland|Scotland]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gillies |first=William |chapter=Scottish Gaelic |pages=145–227 |title=The Celtic languages |editor1=Martin J. Ball |editor2=James Fife |location=London |publisher=Routledge |year=1993 |isbn=0-415-01035-7}}</ref> Manx, the language of the [[Isle of Man]], is closely akin to the Gaelic spoken in the [[Hebrides]], the Irish spoken in northeast and eastern Ireland, and the now-extinct [[Galwegian Gaelic]] of [[Galloway]] (in southwest Scotland), with some influence from Old Norse through the [[Viking]] invasions and from the previous British inhabitants.

The oldest written Goidelic language is [[Primitive Irish]], which is attested in [[Ogham]] inscriptions from about the 4th century. The forms of this speech are very close, and often identical, to the forms of [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] recorded before and during the time of the [[Roman Empire]].{{fact|date=December 2024}} The next stage, [[Old Irish]], is found in [[gloss (annotation)|glosses]] (i.e. annotations) to [[Latin]] [[manuscript]]s—mainly religious and grammatical—from the 6th to the 10th century, as well as in archaic texts copied or recorded in [[Middle Irish]] texts. Middle Irish, the immediate predecessor of the modern Goidelic languages, is the term for the language as recorded from the 10th to the 12th century; a great deal of literature survives in it, including the early Irish law texts.

[[Classical Gaelic]], otherwise known as [[Early Modern Irish]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Adam Fox |author2=Daniel Woolf |title=The Spoken Word: Oral Culture in Britain, 1500–1850 |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2003 |page=197 |isbn=978-0-7190-5747-2}}</ref> covers the period from the 13th to the 18th century, during which time it was used as a literary standard<ref>{{cite book |last=Lynch |first=Michael |title=The Oxford Companion to Scottish History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |page=255 |isbn=978-0-19-211696-3}}</ref> in Ireland and Scotland.<ref>{{cite book |last=Trudgill |first=Peter |title=Language in the British Isles |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1984 |page=289 |isbn=978-0-521-28409-7}}</ref> This is often called [[Classical Irish]], while ''[[Ethnologue]]'' gives the name "[[Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic]]" to this standardised written language. As long as this written language was the norm, Ireland was considered the Gaelic homeland to the Scottish [[intellectual|literati]].

Later [[orthography|orthographic]] divergence has resulted in standardised [[pluricentric language|pluricentristic]] orthographies. Manx orthography, which was introduced in the 16th and 17th centuries, was based loosely on English and Welsh orthography, and so never formed part of this literary standard.

===Proto-Goidelic===
Proto-Goidelic, or Proto-Gaelic, is the proposed [[proto-language]] for all branches of Goidelic. It is proposed as the predecessor of Goidelic, which then began to separate into different dialects before splitting during the [[Middle Irish]] period into the separate languages of [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Manx language|Manx]], and [[Scottish Gaelic]].<ref>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |title=The Prosodic Structure of Irish, Scots Gaelic, and Manx |first=Antony Dubach |last=Green |date=15 May 1997 |doi=10.7282/T38W3C3K |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://aclanthology.org/2020.sltu-1.1 |title=Neural Models for Predicting Celtic Mutations |first=Kevin |last=Scannell |date=12 May 2020 |publisher=European Language Resources association |pages=1–8 |isbn=979-10-95546-35-1 |via=ACLWeb}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/uwp/jcl/2020/00000021/00000001/art00007?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf |title=Interarticulatory Timing and Celtic Mutations |first=Joseph F. |last=Eska |date=1 January 2020 |journal=Journal of Celtic Linguistics |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=235–255 |via=IngentaConnect |doi=10.16922/jcl.21.7 |s2cid=213769085}}</ref><ref>{{cite CiteSeerX |title=Some effects of the Weight-to-Stress Principle and grouping harmony in the Goidelic languages |first=Antony Dubach |last=Green |date=12 April 1996 |citeseerx=10.1.1.387.8008}}</ref>