Editing Goguryeo (section)

===Origins===
[[File:Goguryeo_armor.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Goguryeo [[Cataphract]](개마무사/鎧馬武士)]]
The earliest record of the name of Goguryeo can be traced to geographic monographs in the ''[[Book of Han]]'' and is first attested as the name of one of the subdivisions of the [[Xuantu Commandery]], established along the trade routes within the [[Yalu River|Amnok river]] basin following the destruction of [[Gojoseon]] in 113 BC.{{sfn|Beckwith|2007|p=33}} The American historian [[Christopher I. Beckwith|Christopher Beckwith]] offers the alternative proposal that the Guguryeo people were first located in or around [[Liaoxi Commandery|Liaoxi]] (western [[Liaoning]] and parts of [[Inner Mongolia]]) and later migrated eastward, pointing to another account in the ''Book of Han''.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} The early Goguryeo tribes from whom the administrative name is derived were located close to or within the area of control of the Xuantu Commandery.<ref name="Barnes">{{cite book |last1=Barnes |first1=Gina L |title=State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives |date=2001 |isbn=978-0700713233 |page=22 |publisher=Psychology Press |url={{GBurl|id=yK8m1XiEKz0C|p=22}} |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Mohan">{{cite book |last1=Mohan |first1=Pankaj |editor1-last=MacKenzie |editor1-first=John M |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |date=2016 |publisher=Wiley |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe104 |access-date=25 February 2021 |chapter=Goguyreo|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe104 |isbn=978-1118455074 }}</ref> Its tribal leaders also appeared to have held the ruler title of "marquis" over said nominal [[Gaogouli County|Gaogouli/Goguryeo county]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Xuefeng |date=2010 |title=The Formation of East Asian World during the 4th and 5th Centuries: A Study Based on Chinese Sources |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/fhic/5/4/article-p525_3.xml |journal=Frontiers of History in China |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=528–529 |doi=10.1007/s11462-010-0110-z |s2cid=154743659}}</ref> The collapse of the first Xuantu Commandery in 75 BC is generally attributed to the military actions of the Goguryeo natives.<ref>"In the year 11 AD, he ([[Wang Mang]]) ordered the Koguryo people to attack the Hsiung-nu. When they refused, their ruler was murdered by the Han governor of Liao-hsi and 'so the Maek [i.e., Koguryo] people raided the frontier even more'."</ref><ref>先是，莽發高句驪兵，當伐胡，不欲行，郡強迫之，皆亡出塞，因犯法為寇。遼西大尹田譚追擊之，為所殺。州郡歸咎於高句驪侯騶。[...] 莽不尉安，穢貉遂反，詔尤擊之。尤誘高句驪侯騶至而斬焉，傳首長安。[...] 於是貉人愈犯邊，東北與西南夷皆亂云。<br />''Book of Han'', Chapter 99.</ref> In the ''[[Old Book of Tang]]'' (945), it is recorded that [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]] refers to Goguryeo's history as being some 900 years old. According to the 12th-century ''[[Samguk sagi]]'' and the 13th-century ''[[Samguk yusa]]'', a prince from the Buyeo kingdom named Jumong fled after a power struggle with other princes of the court{{sfn|Byington|2003|p= 234}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2023}} and founded Goguryeo in 37 BC in a region called [[Jolbon|Jolbon Buyeo]], usually thought to be located in the middle [[Yalu River|Amnok/Yalu]] and [[Hun River (Yalu River tributary)|Hun River]] basin.

[[Samguk sagi|The Samguk Sagi]], a text from the 12th century in [[Goryeo]], claims that Goguryeo was founded in 37 BC, but today the date of the dynasty's foundation is in ''doubt'', as ''[[Archaeology|archaeological]] evidence'' suggests that ''Goguryeo was founded before [[Silla]]'', and four things support this:

# [[Kim Pu-sik]] was a 12th-century historian and author of the ''[[Samguk sagi]]'' (History of the Three Kingdoms). Since ''he was a descendant of the Silla royal family'', it is likely that he distorted history to show the superiority of his ancestor, Silla, and this is undeniable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-13 |script-title=ko:고구려 건국연대를 아시나요? |url=http://www.minplusnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=4581 |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=현장언론 민플러스 |language=ko}}</ref>
# Since [[Kim Pu-sik]] wrote the History of the Three Kingdoms at least 5 centuries after the events of the Three Kingdoms and was not an eyewitness to the events of that era, his book is considered a [[secondary source]] and cannot be considered a [[primary source]] alone.<ref>{{Citation |last=Jeong  |first=Gu-bok |author-mask=Jeong Gu-bok (정구복) |script-title=ko:김부식 (金富軾) |script-work=ko:한국민족문화대백과사전 |trans-work=Encyclopedia of Korean Culture |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0009275 |access-date=2024-12-16 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko}}</ref>
# The age of Goguryeo in the [[Samguk sagi|Samguk Sagi]] contradicts what is inscribed in [[Gwanggaeto Stele|Gwanggaeto the Great's stele]] (which is a [[primary source]]). [[Gwanggaeto the Great]]'s stele states that Goguryeo is ''900 years old'', but the Samguk Sagi mentions Goguryeo as a dynasty that lasted 705 years.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udcKRwqkDRo |script-title=ko:환단고기가 밝히는 고구려 900년 역사의 완전한 복원 3가지, 태조 해모수, 해모수의 고향이름이 고구려, 그래서 고주몽이 북부여에서 고구려로 바꿈 |date=2018-03-15 |last=환단고기북콘서트STB |access-date=2024-12-16 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=169. The sovereignty over South Korea belongs to Japan!? —Countermeasures against South Korea regarding to the "Takeshima Issue," Part 2 |url=http://teikoku-denmo.jp/en/history/kohtaioh-hi.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=teikoku-denmo.jp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Complex of Koguryo Tombs |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1091/#:~:text=About%20100%20out%20of%20more,Democratic%20People's%20Republic%20of%20Korea. |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-04-23 |script-title=ko:삼국사기 고구려 본기 제 28대 보장왕 (48) |url=https://cdh571.tistory.com/m/1096 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=역사, 경제 글방 |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:한문화중심채널 STB상생방송 - 900년 고구려(고고리) |url=https://www.stb.co.kr/?m=bbs&bid=stbfree&p=101&uid=1402 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.stb.co.kr |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:창세역사 성인열전 {{!}} 천하 사방에 다물多勿의 기상을 펼친 고구려 광개토태왕, 고담덕(上) :: 증산도 월간개벽 |url=https://www.greatopen.net/gb/article/view?id=7499 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.greatopen.net |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ko:카카오TV |url=https://tv.kakao.com/m/channel/2881457/cliplink/375618135?act=related_clip |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=tv.kakao.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-01-30 |script-title=ko:[플러스 코리아] 고구려 사직은 700년인가 900년인가?.. |url=https://m.pluskorea.net/9017 |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=플러스 코리아(Plus Korea) |language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-06 |script-title=ko:900년 고구려 38년 수나라, 누가 지배자인가 : 재외동포신문방송편집인협회 |url=https://gkjournal.org/30/?q=YToyOntzOjEyOiJrZXl3b3JkX3R5cGUiO3M6MzoiYWxsIjtzOjQ6InBhZ2UiO2k6OTU7fQ==&bmode=view&idx=14148634&t=board |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=gkjournal.org |language=ko}}</ref>
# Also, the [[Old Book of Tang]] (945), a [[primary source]], written by ''[[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Li Shimin]]'' ([[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Taizong]]), mentions that Goguryeo is ''about 900 years old''.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udcKRwqkDRo |script-title=ko:환단고기가 밝히는 고구려 900년 역사의 완전한 복원 3가지, 태조 해모수, 해모수의 고향이름이 고구려, 그래서 고주몽이 북부여에서 고구려로 바꿈 |date=2018-03-15 |last=환단고기북콘서트STB |access-date=2024-12-16 |language=ko |via=YouTube}}</ref>

In 75 BC, a group of [[Yemaek]] who may have originated from Goguryeo made an incursion into China's [[Xuantu Commandery]] west of the Yalu.{{sfn|Byington|2003|p=194}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2023}} The first mention of Goguryeo as a group label associated with [[Yemaek]] tribes is a reference in the ''Han Shu'' that discusses a Goguryeo revolt in 12 AD, during which they broke away from the influence of the Xuantu Commandery.{{sfn|Byington|2003|p=233}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2023}}

According to Book 37 of the ''[[Samguk sagi]]'', Goguryeo originated north of [[Ancient Chinese states|ancient China]], then gradually moved east to the side of Taedong River.<ref>Book 37 of Samguk sagi Monographs recorded: 高句麗始居中國北地，則漸東遷于浿水之側</ref> At its founding, the Goguryeo people are believed to be a blend of people from Buyeo and Yemaek, as leadership from Buyeo may have fled their kingdom and integrated with existing Yemaek chiefdoms.{{sfn|Aikens|1992|pp=191–196}} The ''[[Records of the Three Kingdoms]]'', in the section titled "Accounts of the Eastern Barbarians", implied that Buyeo and the Yemaek people were ethnically related and spoke a similar language.<ref>{{cite book|last1=De Bary|first1=Theodore|last2=Peter H.|first2=Lee|title=Sources of Korean Tradition|year=2000|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231120319|pages=7–11}}</ref>

Chinese people were also in Gorguyeo.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} Book 28 of Samguk sagi stated that "many people of China fled [to] [[Names of Korea#Sobriquets of Korea|East of the Sea]] due to the chaos of war by Qin and Han".<ref>Book 28 of Samguk sagi: Baekje's Records Volume 6: 「秦、漢亂離之時，中國人多竄海東。」</ref> Later Han dynasty established the Four Commanderies, and in 12 AD Goguryeo made its first attack on the Xuantu Commandery.<ref>Book 13 of Samguk sagi Goguryeo's Records：秋八月，王命鳥伊烏伊、摩離，領兵二萬，西伐梁貊，滅其國，進兵襲取漢高句麗縣。(縣屬玄菟郡)"</ref> The population of [[Xuantu Commandery]] was about 221,845 in 2 AD, and they lived in the commandery's three counties of Gaogouli, Shangyintai, and Xigaima.<ref>Book of Han Volume 28 Part 2 玄菟郡，戶四萬五千六，口二十二萬一千八百四十五。縣三：高句驪，上殷台，西蓋馬。[[:s:zh:漢書/卷028下|Wikisource: the Book of Han, volume 28-2]]</ref> Later on, Goguryeo gradually annexed all the [[Four Commanderies of Han]] during its expansion.<ref>Book of the Later Han Volume 85 Treatise on the Dongyi</ref>

Both Goguryeo and [[Baekje]] shared founding myths and originated from [[Buyeo]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=The National Folk Museum of Korea (South Korea)|title=Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Literature: Encyclopedia of Korean Folklore and Traditional Culture Vol. III|date=2014|publisher=길잡이미디어|isbn=978-8928900848|page=41|url={{GBurl|id=DsR3BgAAQBAJ|p=41}}|access-date=10 September 2017|language=en}}</ref>