Editing Glagolitic script (section)

===Origins===
[[File:Bascanska ploca.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The [[Baška tablet]], found in the 19th century on [[Krk]], conventionally dated to about 1100<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fučić |first=Branko |language=hr |title=Najstariji glagoljski natpisi |trans-title=Oldest Glagolitic Inscriptions |journal=Slovo |volume=21 |pages=227–254 |date=21 September 1971 }}</ref>]]

[[File:ZographensisColour.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The first page of the Gospel of Mark from the 10th–11th century ''[[Codex Zographensis]]'', found in the [[Zograf Monastery]] in 1843]]

[[File:ZografskiyKodeks.png|right|200px|thumb|The first page of the Gospel of John from the ''Codex Zographensis'']]

[[File:Angelo Rocca Glagolitic Alphabet.jpg|right|200px|thumb|In a book printed in 1591, [[Angelo Rocca]] attributed the Glagolitic script to Saint Jerome.]]

[[File:Omišalj Baptismal Register.png|right|200px|thumb|The final Glagolitic entry in the [[Omišalj]] parish's baptismal register, by the cleric Nicholas in 1817]]

The creation of the characters is popularly attributed to [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]], who may have created them to facilitate the introduction of Christianity.<ref>Alan Timberlake, ''A Reference Grammar of Russian'', Cambridge University Press, 2004, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&q=which+is+now+called+Glagolitic p. 14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105430/https://books.google.com/books?id=-VFNWqXxRoMC&q=which+is+now+called+Glagolitic |date=2021-04-14 }}</ref><ref name=Florin>Florin Curta & Paul Stephenson, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019144609/https://books.google.com/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC |date=2017-10-19 }}'', Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 125</ref><ref>Simon Franklin, ''Writing, Society and Culture in Early Rus, c. 950–1300,'' Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 93: "East Christian Slays used two alphabets, Glagolitic and Cyrillic. Just to confuse matters, the script devised by Cyril was probably Glagolitic, while Cyrillic—which came to predominate, emerged somewhat later."</ref><ref>Henri-Jean Martin, ''The History and Power of Writing,'' University of Chicago Press, 1995, p. 40</ref><ref>Jean W. Sedlar,[https://books.google.com/books?id=4NYTCgAAQBAJ''East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500''], University of Washington Press, 1994, p. 144</ref> It is believed that the original letters were fitted to Slavic dialects in geographical [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] specifically (the Byzantine [[Thessalonica (theme)|theme of Thessalonica]]).<ref name="Florin"/><ref name=Cubberley>Paul Cubberley (1996) [http://www.biblical-data.org/OCS/Cubberley.pdf "The Slavic Alphabets"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029130713/http://www.biblical-data.org/OCS/Cubberley.pdf |date=2012-10-29 }}. In {{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | editor1-first=Peter T. | editor1-last=Daniels | editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | editor2-link=William Bright | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/347 347] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/347 }}</ref>
The words of that language could not be easily written by using either the Greek or Latin alphabets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-26 |title=Atlas of Endangered Alphabets: Indigenous and minority writing systems, and the people who are trying to save them. |url=https://www.endangeredalphabets.net/alphabets/glagolitic/ |access-date=2023-11-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The number of letters in the original Glagolitic alphabet is not known, but it may have been close to its presumed Greek model. The 41 letters known today include letters for non-Greek sounds, which may have been added by Saint Cyril, as well as [[typographic ligature|ligatures]] added in the 12th century under the influence of [[Cyrillic]], as Glagolitic lost its dominance.<ref name=Cubberley/> In later centuries, the number of letters dropped dramatically, to fewer than 30 in modern Croatian and Czech recensions of the Church Slavic language. Twenty-four of the 41 original Glagolitic letters (see table below) probably derive from graphemes of the medieval cursive [[Greek minuscule|Greek small alphabet]] but have been given an [[ornament (art)|ornamental]] design.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

The source of the other consonantal letters is unknown. If they were added by Cyril, it is likely that they were taken from an alphabet used for Christian scripture. It is frequently proposed that the letters ''sha'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱎ}}, ''tsi'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱌ}}, and ''cherv'' {{Script|Glag|Ⱍ}} were taken from the letters ''[[Shin (letter)|shin]]'' ש and ''[[tsadi]]'' צ of the [[Hebrew alphabet]], and that {{Script|Glag|Ⰶ}} ''zhivete'' derives from [[Coptic alphabet|Coptic]] ''janja'' Ϫ.<ref name=Cubberley/>{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} However, Cubberley<ref name=Cubberley/> suggests that if a single prototype were presumed, the most likely source would be [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]]. Several other scripts have been proposed as such single prototypes of the Glagolitic alphabet. A different set of hypotheses assumes that Cyril designed the letters from scratch on the basis of a common principle. Most notably, [[Georg Tschernochvostoff]] argued that all the Glagolitic letters were constructed from the [[Christian symbolism|Christian symbols]] [[cross]], [[Circle#Symbolism and religious use|circle]] and [[Trinity#Artistic depictions|triangle]].<ref>Tschernochvostoff, Georg. 1995. Zum Ursprung der Glagolica. ''Studia Slavica Finlandensia'' 12. 141–150.</ref> A widely accepted example of deliberate construction are the [[symmetry|symmetric]] letters ''i'' {{Script|Glag|ⰻ}} and ''slovo'' {{Script|Glag|ⱄ}}, which together form the abbreviation {{Script|Glag|ⰻ︦ⱄ}} of the [[Nomina sacra|nomen sacrum]] {{Script|Glag|ⰻⱄⱆⱄⱏ}} ''Isusъ'' ‘Jesus’, but a general design principle like in the [[Canadian Aboriginal syllabics|Canadian syllabics]] could not be proven. A plausible hypothesis is that “Cyril freely invented the Glagolitic letters, sometimes being inspired by theological ideas […] and sometimes using associations with other scripts he knew”.<ref>[[Daniel Bunčić|Bunčić, Daniel]]. 2024. Scripts. In [[Danko Šipka|Šipka, Danko]] & [[Wayles Browne|Browne, Wayles]] (eds.), ''The Cambridge Handbook of Slavic linguistics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ([[DOI: 10.1017/9781108973021]]), 675–696, here: 678.</ref>

For writing numbers, the [[Glagolitic numerals]] use letters with a numerical value assigned to each based on their native alphabetic order. This differs from [[Cyrillic numerals]], which inherited their numeric value from the corresponding Greek letter (see [[Greek numerals]]).<ref name="Chrisomalis2010">{{cite book|last=Chrisomalis|first=Stephen|title=Numerical Notation: A Comparative History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178|access-date=2016-12-28|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-1-139-48533-3|pages=178–182|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801224632/https://books.google.com/books?id=kXZhBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178|url-status=live}}</ref>

The two brothers from [[Thessaloniki]], who were later canonized as Saints Cyril and Methodius, were sent to [[Great Moravia]] in 862 by the [[Byzantine emperor]] at the request of Prince [[Rastislav of Moravia|Rastislav]], who wanted to weaken the dependence of his country on [[East Francia|East Frankish]] priests. The Glagolitic alphabet, however it originated, was used between 863 and 885 for government and religious documents and books and at the Great Moravian Academy (''Veľkomoravské učilište'') founded by the missionaries, where their followers were educated. The [[Kiev Missal]], found in the 19th century in Jerusalem, was dated to the 10th century.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}

In 885, [[Pope Stephen V]] issued a [[papal bull]] to restrict spreading and reading Christian services in languages other than Latin or Greek. Around the same time, [[Svatopluk I]], following the interests of the [[Frankish Empire]] and its clergy, persecuted the students of Cyril and Methodius, imprisoned and expelled them from [[Great Moravia]].<ref name="binns">{{cite book | last=Binns | first=J. | title=An Introduction to the Christian Orthodox Churches | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-521-66738-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOA5vfSl3dwC&pg=PA151 | access-date=2024-08-16 | page=151}}</ref>

In 886, an East Frankish bishop of [[Nitra]] named [[Wiching]] banned the script and jailed 200 followers of Methodius, mostly students of the original academy. They were then dispersed or, according to some sources, sold as slaves by the Franks. However, many of them, including Saints [[Naum of Preslav|Naum]], [[Clement of Ohrid|Clement]], [[Saint Angelar|Angelar]], [[Saint Sava (disciple of Saints Cyril and Methodius)|Sava]] and [[Saint Gorazd|Gorazd]], reached the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] and were commissioned by [[Boris I of Bulgaria]] to teach and instruct the future clergy of the state in the [[Slavic language]]. After the [[Christianization of Bulgaria|adoption of Christianity in Bulgaria]] in 865, religious ceremonies and [[Divine Liturgy]] were conducted in [[Greek language|Greek]] by clergy sent from the [[Byzantine Empire]], using the [[Byzantine rite]]. Fearing growing Byzantine influence and weakening of the state, Boris viewed the introduction of the Slavic alphabet and language into church use as a way to preserve the independence of the [[First Bulgarian Empire|Bulgarian Empire]] from Byzantine [[Constantinople]]. As a result of Boris' measures, two academies, one in [[Ohrid Literary School|Ohrid]] and one in [[Preslav Literary School|Preslav]], were founded.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}