Editing Giuseppe Mazzini (section)

===Failed insurrections===
[[File:Mazzini-1.jpg|thumb|left|Mazzini in Marseilles]]

In 1831, Mazzini went to [[Marseille]], where he became a popular figure among the Italian exiles. He was a frequent visitor to the apartment of [[Giuditta Bellerio Sidoli]], a Modenese widow who became his lover.<ref name=Hunt2008/> In August 1832 Giuditta Sidoli gave birth to a boy, almost certainly Mazzini's son, whom she named Joseph Démosthène Adolpe Aristide after members of the family of [[Démosthène Ollivier]], with whom Mazzini was staying. The Olliviers took care of the child in June 1833 when Giuditta and Mazzini left for Switzerland. The child died in February 1835.<ref>{{cite book|page=61 |last=Sarti|first=Roland|title=Mazzini: A Life for the Religion of Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FMy1sTVu5XMC&pg=PA61|access-date=1 April 2015 |date=1 January 1997|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-95080-4}}</ref>

Mazzini organized a new political society called [[Young Italy]]. It was a secret society formed to promote Italian unification: "One, free, independent, republican nation."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist151/mazzini.htm|title=The Oath of ''Young Italy''|website=www.mtholyoke.edu|access-date=30 November 2017|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416195924/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist151/mazzini.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mazzini believed that a popular uprising would create a unified Italy, and would touch off a European-wide revolutionary movement.<ref name=Hunt2008>Hunt, Lynn; Martin, Thomas R.; and Rosenwein, Barbara H. ''Peoples and Cultures'', Volume C ("Since 1740"): ''The Making of the West''. Boston: Bedford/Saint Martin's, 2008.</ref> The group's motto was ''God and the People'',<ref>Though an adherent of the group, Mazzini was not Christian.</ref> and its basic principle was the unification of the several states and kingdoms of the peninsula into a single republic as the only true foundation of Italian liberty. The new nation had to be "One, Independent, Free Republic".

Mazzini's political activism met some success in Tuscany, [[Abruzzi]], Sicily, [[Piedmont]], and his native [[Liguria]], especially among several military officers. Young Italy counted about 60,000 adherents in 1833, with branches in [[Genoa]] and other cities. In that year Mazzini first attempted insurrection, which would spread from [[Chambéry]] (then part of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]]), [[Alessandria]], [[Turin]], and Genoa. However, the [[House of Savoy|Savoy]] government discovered the plot before it could begin and many revolutionaries (including [[Vincenzo Gioberti]]) were arrested. The repression was ruthless: 12 participants were executed, while Mazzini's best friend and director of the Genoese section of the ''Giovine Italia'', Jacopo Ruffini, killed himself. Mazzini was tried in absentia and sentenced to death.

Despite this setback, whose victims later created numerous doubts and psychological strife in Mazzini, he organized another uprising for the following year. A group of Italian exiles were to enter Piedmont from Switzerland and spread the revolution there, while [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], who had recently joined Young Italy, was to do the same from Genoa. However, the Piedmontese troops easily crushed the new attempt. [[Denis Mack Smith]] writes:
<blockquote>In the spring of 1834, while at Bern, Mazzini and a dozen refugees from Italy, Poland, and Germany founded a new association with the grandiose name of Young Europe. Its basic, and equally grandiose idea, was that, as the French Revolution of 1789 had enlarged the concept of individual liberty, another revolution would now be needed for national liberty, and his vision went further because he hoped that in the no doubt distant future free nations might combine to form a loosely federal Europe with some kind of federal assembly to regulate their common interests. ... His intention was nothing less than to overturn the European settlement agreed in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, which had reestablished an oppressive hegemony of a few great powers and blocked the emergence of smaller nations. ... Mazzini hoped, but without much confidence, that his vision of a league or society of independent nations would be realized in his own lifetime. In practice, Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than a short-term existence. Nevertheless, he always remained faithful to the ideal of a united continent for which the creation of individual nations would be an indispensable preliminary.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mack Smith, Denis|title=Mazzini|url=https://archive.org/details/mazzini00mack_0|url-access=registration|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1994|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mazzini00mack_0/page/11 11–12]|isbn=9780300058840}}</ref></blockquote>

On 28 May 1834, Mazzini was arrested at [[Solothurn]], and exiled from Switzerland. He moved to Paris, where he was again imprisoned on 5 July. He was released only after promising he would move to England. Mazzini, together with a few Italian friends, moved in January 1837 to live in London in very poor economic conditions.