Editing Giordano Bruno (section)

===First years of wandering, 1576–1583===
Bruno first went to the Genoese port of [[Noli]], then to [[Savona]], [[Turin]] and finally to [[Venice]], where he published his lost work ''On the Signs of the Times'' with the permission (so he claimed at his trial) of the Dominican [[Remigio Nannini Fiorentino]]. From Venice he went to [[Padua]], where he met fellow Dominicans who convinced him to wear his [[religious habit]] again. From Padua he went to [[Bergamo]] and then across the Alps to [[Chambéry]] and [[Lyon]]. His movements after this time are obscure.<ref>{{harvnb|Singer|1968|p={{page needed|date=June 2024}}}}: "Following the northern route back through Brescia, Bruno came to Bergamo where he resumed the monastic habit. He perhaps visited Milan, and then leaving Italy he crossed the Alps by the Mont Cenis pass, and came to Chambéry. He describes his hospitable reception there by the Dominican Convent, but again he received no encouragement to remain, and he journeyed on to Lyons. Bruno's next movements are obscure. In 1579 he reached Geneva."</ref>

[[File:Earlierbruno.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The earliest depiction of Bruno is an engraving published in 1715 in Germany, presumed based on a lost contemporary portrait.<ref name="Salvestrini-1958">{{cite book |first=Virgilio |last=Salvestrini |title=Bibliografia di Giordano Bruno |publisher=Firenze |year=1958 |language=it}}</ref>]]

In 1579, Bruno arrived in [[Geneva]]. During his Venetian trial, he told inquisitors that while in Geneva he told the Marchese de Vico of Naples, who was notable for helping Italian refugees in Geneva, "I did not intend to adopt the religion of the city. I desired to stay there only that I might live at liberty and in security."{{sfn|Singer|1968|p=12}} Bruno had a pair of breeches made for himself, and the Marchese and others apparently made Bruno a gift of a sword, hat, cape and other necessities for dressing himself; in such clothing Bruno could no longer be recognized as a priest. Things apparently went well for Bruno for a time, as he entered his name in the Rector's Book of the [[University of Geneva]] in May 1579.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|p=42}} But in keeping with his personality he could not long remain silent. In August he published an attack on the work of {{interlanguage link|Antoine de La Faye|fr}}, a distinguished professor. Bruno and the printer, Jean Bergeon, were promptly arrested.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=44–45}} Rather than apologizing, Bruno insisted on continuing to defend his publication. He was refused the right to take [[sacrament]].{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=46–47}} Though this right was soon restored, he left Geneva.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|p=48–49}}

He went to France, arriving first in [[Lyon]], and thereafter settling for a time (1580–1581) in [[Toulouse]], where he took his doctorate in theology and was elected by students to lecture in philosophy.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=49–52}} He also attempted at this time to return to Catholicism, but was denied absolution by the Jesuit priest he approached.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|p=51}} When religious strife broke out in the summer of 1581, he moved to Paris.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|p=53}} There he held a cycle of thirty lectures on theological topics and also began to gain fame for his prodigious memory.{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=56–57}} His talents attracted the benevolent attention of the king [[Henry III of France|Henry III]]; Bruno subsequently reported: <blockquote>"I got me such a name that King Henry III summoned me one day to discover from me if the memory which I possessed was natural or acquired by magic art. I satisfied him that it did not come from sorcery but from organized knowledge; and, following this, I got a book on memory printed, entitled ''The Shadows of Ideas'', which I dedicated to His Majesty. Forthwith he gave me an Extraordinary Lectureship with a salary."{{sfn|Boulting|1914|pp=57–58}}</blockquote>

In Paris, Bruno enjoyed the protection of his powerful French patrons. During this period, he published several works on mnemonics, including ''[[De umbris idearum]]'' (''On the Shadows of Ideas'', 1582), ''{{Ill|Ars memoriae (Giordano Bruno)|lt=Ars memoriae|it|Ars memoriae}}'' (''The Art of Memory'', 1582), and ''Cantus circaeus'' (''Circe's Song'', 1582; described at {{section link|Circe in the arts#Reasoning beasts}}). All of these were based on his mnemonic models of organized knowledge and experience, as opposed to the simplistic logic-based mnemonic techniques of [[Petrus Ramus]] then becoming popular.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Bruno also published a comedy summarizing some of his philosophical positions, titled ''Il Candelaio'' (''The Candlemaker'', 1582). In the 16th century dedications were, as a rule, approved beforehand, and hence were a way of placing a work under the protection of an individual. Given that Bruno dedicated various works to the likes of King Henry III, Sir [[Philip Sidney]], [[Michel de Castelnau]] (French Ambassador to England), and possibly [[Pope Pius V]], it is apparent that this wanderer had risen sharply in status and moved in powerful circles.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}