Editing German diaspora (section)

===Europe===
{{Main|German-speaking Europe|Ostsiedlung|History of German settlement in Central and Eastern Europe|Organised persecution of ethnic Germans|Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)}}

====Alpine nations====
{{Further| German immigration to Switzerland}}
[[File:Ethnic Germans in Hungary and parts of adjacent Austrian territories.JPG|thumb|left|Ethnic Germans in Hungary and parts of adjacent Austrian territories, census 1890]]

Austria, Switzerland, and [[Liechtenstein]] each have a German-speaking majority, though the vast majority of the population do not identify themselves as German anymore. [[Austrians]] historically were identified as and considered themselves Germans until after the defeat of Nazi Germany and the end of [[World War II]]. Post-1945 a broader Austrian national identity began to emerge, and over 90% of the Austrians now see themselves as an independent nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gratzfeld.twoday.net/topics/Austrian+Identity/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718120834/http://gratzfeld.twoday.net/topics/Austrian+Identity/|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2010|date=18 July 2010|title=INFOpoint: Austrian Identity }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author= derStandard.at| url= http://derstandard.at/3261105 | title= Österreicher fühlen sich heute als Nation - 1938 - derStandard.at " Wissenschaft| publisher= Derstandard.at| access-date= 2012-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| author= H. Lohninger | url= http://www.photoglobe.info/ebooks/austria/cstudies_austria_0070.html| title= Austrian National Identity| publisher= Photoglobe.info| date= 6 December 2010 | access-date= 2012-08-25}}</ref>

==== East-Central Europe ====
Aside from the Germans who migrated to other parts of Europe, the German diaspora also covered the Eastern and Central European states such as Croatia, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, along with several [[post-Soviet states]]. There has been a continued historical presence of Germans in these regions due to the interrelated processes of conquest and colonization as well as migration and border changes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Diaspora and Citizenship|last1=Sutherland|first1=Claire|last2=Barabantseva|first2=Elena|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9780415594127|location=Oxon|pages=97}}</ref> During the periods of colonization, for instance, there was an influx of Germans who came to [[Bohemia]] and parts of Romania as colonizers. Settlements due to border changes were largely 20th century developments caused by the new political order after the two world wars.<ref name=":1" />

====Baltic states====
{{Main|Baltic Germans}}
{{Further|Nazi–Soviet population transfers}}

====Belgium====
:{{main|German-speaking Community of Belgium}}
In Belgium, there is an ethnic German minority. It is the majority in its region of 71,000 inhabitants. [[Ethnologue]] puts the national total of German speakers at 150,000, not including [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] and [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]].

====Bulgaria====
{{Main|Germans in Bulgaria}}

====Czech Republic and Slovakia====
{{Main|Germans in Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)|Germans in the Czech Republic|Germans from Slovakia}}
{{Further|Sudeten Germans|Carpathian Germans|Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia}}

Before [[World War II]], some 30% of the population in [[Czech Republic|Czechia]] were ethnic Germans, and in the border regions and certain other areas they were in the majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livingprague.com/history4.htm |title=Liberation – Post War Changes |publisher=Livingprague.com |access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref> There are about 21,000 Germans in the Czech Republic (number of [[Czechs]] who have at least partly German ancestry probably runs into the hundreds of thousands).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/article/27184 |title=Ethnic German Minorities in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia |date=23 April 2002 |publisher=Radio.cz |access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref> Their number has been consistently decreasing since World War II. According to the 2011 census, there remain 11 municipalities and settlements in Czech Republic with more than 6% Germans.

The situation in [[Slovakia]] was different from that in Czech Republic, in that the number of Germans was considerably lower and that the [[Carpathian Germans|Germans from Slovakia]] were almost completely evacuated to German states as the Soviet army was moving west through Slovakia, and only a fraction of those who returned to Slovakia after the end of the war were deported with the Germans from the Czech lands.

Many representatives of expellee<!--is that a word?--> organizations support the erection of bilingual signs in all formerly German-speaking territory as a visible sign of the bilingual linguistic and cultural heritage of the region. The erection of bilingual signs is permitted if a minority constitutes 10% of the population.

====Denmark====
In Denmark, the part of [[Schleswig]] that is now [[South Jutland County]] (or [[Northern Schleswig]]) is inhabited by about 12,000–20,000 ethnic Germans<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uoc.es/euromosaic/web/document/alemany/an/i2/i2.html |title=Universitat Oberta de Catalunya |publisher=Uoc.es |access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref> They speak mainly Standard German and [[South Jutlandic]]. A few speak [[Schleswigsch]], a [[Northern Low Saxon]] dialect.

====France====
In France, over 100,000 German nationals residing in the French country. The exact number is not known; some statistics indicate more than 300,000 Germans in France, but they are not officially sanctioned. There, the Germans live mainly in the northeastern area of France, i.e., in regions close to the Franco-German border (i.e. [[Alsace]]), and the island of [[Corsica]].

==== Hungary ====

{{Main|Germans of Hungary}}

Prior to World War II, approximately 1.5 million Danube Swabians lived in Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://feefhs.org/BANAT/BHISTORY.HTML |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970204103909/http://www.feefhs.org/banat/bhistory.html |archive-date= 4 February 1997 |title="History of German Settlements in Southern Hungary" by Sue Clarkson |publisher=Feefhs.org |access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref> Today the German minority in Hungary have minority rights, organisations, schools and local councils, but spontaneous assimilation is well under way. Many of the deportees visited their old homes after the fall of the [[Iron Curtain]] in 1990. Around 178,000 Germans live in Hungary.

{{Further|Danube Swabians}}

====Italy====
[[File:Austria hungary 1911.jpg|thumb|287px|right|Map of [[Austria-Hungary]] in 1911, showing areas inhabited by ethnic Germans in pink]]

There are smaller, unique populations of Germans who arrived so long ago that their dialect retains many archaic features heard nowhere else: the [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrians]] are concentrated in various communities in the [[Carnic Alps]], north of [[Verona]], and especially in the [[Sugana Valley]] on the high plateau northwest of [[Vicenza]] in the [[Veneto]] region; the [[Walser]]s, who originated in the Swiss [[Valais|Wallis]], live in the provinces of [[Aostatal]], [[Vercelli]], and [[Verbano-Cusio-Ossola]]; the [[Mòcheno language|Mòchenos]] live in the [[Valle dei Mòcheni|Fersina Valley]]. Smaller German-speaking communities also exist in the [[Friuli-Venezia Giulia]] region: the [[Carinthia (state)|Carinthians]] in the [[Canale Valley]] (municipalities of [[Tarvisio]], [[Malborghetto Valbruna]] and [[Pontebba]]) and the [[Sauris|Zahren]] and [[Timavo|Timau]] Germans in [[Carnia]].

Contrarily to the before-mentioned minorities, the German-speaking population of the province of [[South Tyrol]] cannot be categorized as "ethnic German" according to the definition of this article, but as Austrian minority. However, as Austrians saw themselves as ethnic Germans until the end of World War II they can technically also be called Germans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diepresse.com/home/politik/aussenpolitik/590170/index.do?from=rss |title=Südtirol: Neue Initiative für Doppel-Staatsbürgerschaft|date=26 August 2010 |publisher=Diepresse.com |access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref> The province was part of the Austrian County of Tyrol before the 1919 dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.<ref>{{cite book|author= Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair|title=A Land on the Threshold. South Tyrolean Transformations, 1915–2015|year=2017|publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]]|location=Oxford, Bern, New York|isbn=978-3-0343-2240-9}}</ref> South Tyroleans were part of the over 3 million German speaking Austrians who in 1918 found themselves living outside of the newborn Austrian Republic as minorities in the newly formed or enlarged respective states of Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary and Italy. Their dialect is Austro-Bavarian German. Both standard German and dialect are used in schooling and media. German enjoys co-official status with the national language of Italian throughout this region.

Germans have been present in the Iglesiente mining region in the south west of [[Sardinia]] since the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PVtE1FnphtYC&q=tedeschi&pg=PA200|title = Sardegna|isbn = 9788836500239|last1 = Italiano|first1 = Touring Club|year = 1984| publisher=Touring Editore }}</ref> Successively since 1850 groups of specialised workers from [[Styria]], Austria, followed by German miners from [[Freiburg]] settled in the same area. Some Germans influenced building and toponym is still visible in this area.<ref>Stefano Musso, op. cit., p. 314</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sardegnaminiere.it/il_progresso_sociale.htm|title=www.sardegnaminiere.it|first=martino|last=atzori|website=www.sardegnaminiere.it|access-date=21 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404005016/http://www.sardegnaminiere.it/il_progresso_sociale.htm|archive-date=4 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Norway ====

In Norway, there are 27,770 Germans making them the ninth largest ethnic minority in the country, thus constituting 0.52% of Norway's total population, and 2.94% of all [[Immigration to Norway|foreign residents]] in Norway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kommuneprofilen.no/Profil/Befolkning/DinRegion/bef_innvandrere_land_region.aspx|title=KommuneProfilen. Statistikk og nøkkeltall om antall og andel innvandrere etter land og landbakgrunn i kommuner og fylker - basert på statistikk fra SSB }}</ref> Immigration from Germany to Norway has occurred since the [[Middle Ages]]. There have been many Germans who migrated to [[Bergen]] during the Middle Ages and also during [[Denmark–Norway|Norway's union with Denmark]]. During the Union with Denmark, a lot of German miners migrated to the town of [[Kongsberg]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arkivverket.no/utforsk-arkivene/eldre-historie--1814/innvandring-til-norge-er-ikke-noe-nytt.folk-har-kommet-hit-i-1000-%C3%A5r-%E2%80%93-og-mer-enn-det|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129221402/https://www.arkivverket.no/utforsk-arkivene/eldre-historie--1814/innvandring-til-norge-er-ikke-noe-nytt.folk-har-kommet-hit-i-1000-%C3%A5r-%E2%80%93-og-mer-enn-det|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2020|title=Innvandring til Norge er ikke noe nytt. Folk har kommet hit i 1000 år – og mer enn det - Arkivverket }}</ref> As of 2020, there are 1,446 Germans in the city of Bergen, making up 0.51% of the total population, and in the town of Kongsberg there are 114 Germans, making up 0.41% of the total population respectively. The city with the biggest population of Germans is [[Oslo]]. 3,743 Germans live in the city, thereby making up 0.55% of the total population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kommuneprofilen.no/Profil/Befolkning/Bench/bef_innvandrere_land_bench.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025221112/https://kommuneprofilen.no/Profil/Befolkning/Bench/bef_innvandrere_land_bench.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2020|title=KommuneProfilen. Statistikk og nøkkeltall om antall og andel innvandrere etter land og landbakgrunn i kommuner og fylker - basert på statistikk fra SSB }}</ref> Germany is also the country that sends the most [[Student exchange program|foreign exchange students]] to Norway, in 2016, 1,570 exchange students came to Norway from Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forskning.no/senter-for-internasjonalisering-av-utdanning-skole-og-utdanning-partner/derfor-velger-europeiske-studenter-norge/351205|title=Derfor velger europeiske studenter Norge|date=25 April 2017}}</ref>

==== Poland ====

[[File:Deutsche Siedlungsgebiete in Osteuropa 1925.jpg|thumb|260px|German minority in Poland, 1925]]

{{Main|German minority in Poland|Walddeutsche}}

The remaining German minority in Poland (109,000 people were registered in the 2011 census<ref name="GUS">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_lu_nps2011_wyniki_nsp2011_22032012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616192742/http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_lu_nps2011_wyniki_nsp2011_22032012.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2012|title=Results of the National Census of 2011, GUS, p. 18|language=pl|publisher=Stat.gov.pl|access-date=2012-08-25}}</ref>) enjoys minority rights according to Polish minority law. There are German speakers throughout Poland, and most of the Germans live in the [[Opole Voivodeship]] in [[Silesia]]. Bilingual signs are posted in some towns of the region. In addition, there are bilingual schools and German can be used instead of Polish in dealings with officials in several towns.

{{Further|Bilingual communes in Poland|Former eastern territories of Germany|Olędrzy|Vistula Germans|Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II}}

====Portugal====
As of December 2022, there are 20,500 German nationals residing in Portugal.<ref name=":0" /> This number only include foreign nationals and thus excludes German citizens who have acquired [[Portuguese passport|Portuguese citizenship]] (around 400 people since 2008), as well as Portuguese people of German descent.<ref name=":3" /> 
[[File:Lisboa-Cemitério Alemão-Graves1.jpg|left|thumb|German cemetery in [[Campo de Ourique]]]]
Around 6,000 Germans live in the municipalities of [[Lisbon]], [[Oeiras, Portugal|Oeiras]], [[Sintra]] or [[Cascais]], in the [[Portuguese Riviera]].<ref name="SEFSTAT – Portal de Estatística">{{Cite web |title=SEFSTAT – Portal de Estatística |url=https://sefstat.sef.pt/forms/distritos.aspx |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=sefstat.sef.pt}}</ref> On the other hand, around 5,000 Germans live in the southern region of [[Algarve]].<ref name="SEFSTAT – Portal de Estatística"/> The German community is especially noticeable in Lisbon and [[Porto]]. Each city hosts a [[German Evangelical Church]], a [[Education in Germany|German school]] and offers German libraries. There is also a German church as well as a German school in Algarve while [[Madeira]] hosts a German Evangelical Church.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amt |first=Auswärtiges |title=Escolas Alemãs em Portugal |url=https://lissabon.diplo.de/pt-pt/themen/deutschlernen/s-auslandsschulen/1745172 |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=lissabon.diplo.de |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bücherstube – Livraria Alemã – Shop in Porto |url=https://shopinporto.porto.pt/loja/bucherstube-livraria-alema/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |language=pt-pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Igreja Evangélica Alemã em Portugal |url=http://www.dekl.org/portugu%C3%AAs/igreja-evang%C3%A9lica-em-portugal/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Deutsche Evangelische Kirchengemeinde Lissabon |language=de-DE}}</ref> Lisbon also hosts a Catholic German Church and a German cemetery since 1821.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diretório da Cidade |url=https://informacoeseservicos.lisboa.pt/contactos/diretorio-da-cidade |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=informacoeseservicos.lisboa.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=O Cemitério protestante alemão de Lisboa |url=http://www.dekl.org/portugu%C3%AAs/cemit%C3%A9rio-alem%C3%A3o/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Deutsche Evangelische Kirchengemeinde Lissabon |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutscher Evangelischer Friedhof Lissabon |url=http://www.dekl.org/deutsche-ev-kirchengemeinde-lissabon/deutscher-friedhof/ |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=Deutsche Evangelische Kirchengemeinde Lissabon |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monumentos |url=http://monumentos.pt/Site/APP_PagesUser/SIPA.aspx?id=23354 |access-date=2023-10-14 |website=monumentos.pt}}</ref> Many Luso-Germans have acquired fame throughout the years. Individuals of the community include [[Alfredo Keil]] (1850–1907), composer of ''[[A Portuguesa]]'', the Portuguese [[national anthem]], archaeologist [[Virgínia Rau]] (1907–1973), banker and industrialist [[António Champalimaud]] (1918–2004), architect [[Francisco Keil do Amaral]] (1910–1975) and former prime minister [[Ernesto Hintze Ribeiro]] (1849–1907). Contemporary figures of German descent include football player [[Diego Moreira]], [[Eurovision Song Contest|Eurovision song contest]] winner [[Salvador Sobral]], surfer [[Nic von Rupp]], actresses [[Catarina Wallenstein]] and [[Vera Kolodzig]], and tennis player [[Maria João Koehler]]. Amongst the most notable Luso-Germans there is undoubtedly [[João Frederico Ludovice]], who was commissioned the project for the [[Mafra National Palace]] in 1711.

==== Romania ====

{{Main|Germans of Romania}}

{{Further|Transylvanian Saxons|Transylvanian Landler|Banat Swabians|Sathmar Swabians|Bukovina Germans|Zipser Germans|Regat Germans|Dobrujan Germans|Bessarabia Germans|Deportation of Germans from Romania after World War II}}

As of 2022, according to the [[2021 Romanian census|Romanian Census]], there were circa 22,900 ethnic Germans recorded in Romania.

Since the [[High Middle Ages]], the territory of present-day Romania has been continuously inhabited by German-speaking groups, firstly by Transylvanian Saxons then, gradually, by other immigrant groups of ethnic German origin. They are all politically represented by the [[Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania]] (FDGR/DFDR).

====Sweden====
{{Main|Germans in Sweden}}
During the 11th century, Sweden was visited by missionaries from Germany. During the Middle Ages, Hanseatic merchants had a great influence on Swedish trade and also the Swedish language. According to a survey, the proportion of German loanwords in Swedish is 24–30 percent (slightly depending on how you calculate). During the period of great power, a number of German congregations were formed in Sweden. Including Karlskrona German parish, which then became part of Karlskrona Admiralty parish. Today, there are two more active German congregations in Sweden. They are part of the parishes of the Church of Sweden, the German Christinae parish and the German St. Gertrude's parish consists of German citizens or Swedes of German origin. In connection with the two world wars, several German children of war came to Sweden. Between the late 1940s and early 1990s, many East German refugees also came to Sweden. On 31 December 2014, there were 49,359 people in Sweden who were born in Germany, of whom 23,195 were men (47.0%) and 26,164 women (53.0%).{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} The corresponding figure for 31 December 2000 was 38,155, of which 16,965 men (44.5%) and 21,190 women (55.5%).{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}There were 28,172 people in Sweden with German citizenship.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} In 2019, according to Statistics Sweden, German immigrants together with the Chinese were the most highly educated who migrate to Sweden, with a proportion of 70 per cent who are highly educated, which is well above the average for Sweden's population which is 30 per cent.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Around 29,505 German Citizens living in [https://www.wohin-auswandern.de/auswandern-nach-schweden Sweden in 2020].

====United Kingdom====
{{Main|Germans in the United Kingdom}}
In the United Kingdom, a German-Briton ethnic group of around 300,000 exists. Some are descended from 19th-century immigrants. Others are 20th-century immigrants and their descendants, and others are [[World War II]] [[prisoners of war]] held in Great Britain who decided to stay there. Others arrived as spouses of English soldiers from post-war marriages in Germany, when the British were occupying forces. Many of the more recent immigrants have settled in the [[London]] and southeast part of England, in particular, [[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond]] (South West London).

The [[British royal family]] are partially descended from German monarchs.

Due to [[Brexit]], the number of Germans in the UK has declined significantly. In 2021, there were only 135,000 Germans in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=German nationals population UK 2021|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1061601/german-population-in-united-kingdom/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref>