Editing Geothermal energy (section)

==Geothermal power==
{{Main|Geothermal power}}
[[File:Installed geothermal energy capacity.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Installed geothermal energy capacity, 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Installed geothermal energy capacity |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/installed-geothermal-capacity |website=Our World in Data |access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref>]]
[[Geothermal power]] is [[electricity generation|electrical power generated]] from geothermal energy. Dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle power stations have been used for this purpose. As of 2010 geothermal electricity was generated in 26 countries.<ref name=gea2010>Geothermal Energy Association. [http://www.geo-energy.org/pdf/reports/GEA_International_Market_Report_Final_May_2010.pdf Geothermal Energy: International Market Update] May 2010, p. 4-6.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Bassam|first1=Nasir El |last2=Maegaard|first2=Preben |last3=Schlichting|first3=Marcia |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=uP4eGFt4c_AC|page=187}}|title=Distributed Renewable Energies for Off-Grid Communities: Strategies and Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainability in Energy Generation and Supply|date=2013|publisher=Newnes|isbn=978-0-12-397178-4|page=187|language=en}}</ref>

As of 2019, worldwide geothermal power capacity amounted to 15.4 [[gigawatt]]s (GW), of which 23.86 percent or 3.68 GW were in the [[geothermal energy in the United States|United States]].<ref name="2019 Capacity">{{cite news|last=Richter|first=Alexander|url=https://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/the-top-10-geothermal-countries-2019-based-on-installed-generation-capacity-mwe/|title=The Top 10 Geothermal Countries 2019 – based on installed generation capacity (MWe)|publisher=Think GeoEnergy – Geothermal Energy News|date=27 January 2020|language=en-US|access-date=19 February 2021}}</ref>

Geothermal energy supplies a significant share of the electrical power in [[geothermal power in Iceland|Iceland]], [[geothermal power in El Salvador|El Salvador]], [[geothermal power in Kenya|Kenya]], the [[geothermal power in the Philippines|Philippines]] and [[New Zealand]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book|url=https://www.icebookshop.com/Products/Geothermal-Energy,-Heat-Exchange-Systems-and-Energ.aspx|title=Geothermal Energy, Heat Exchange Systems and Energy Piles|last1=Craig|first1=William|last2=Gavin|first2=Kenneth|publisher=ICE Publishing|year=2018|isbn=9780727763983|location=London|pages=41–42}}</ref>

Geothermal power is considered to be a [[renewable energy|renewable]] energy because heat extraction rates are insignificant compared to the [[Earth's internal heat budget|Earth's heat content]].<ref name="sustainability" /> The [[life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources|greenhouse gas emissions]] of geothermal electric stations are on average 45&nbsp;grams of [[carbon dioxide]] per kilowatt-hour of electricity, or less than 5 percent of that of coal-fired plants.<ref name="IPCC Annex II">{{cite web|last1=Moomaw |first1=W. |first2=P. |last2=Burgherr |first3=G. |last3=Heath |first4=M. |last4=Lenzen |first5=J. |last5=Nyboer |first6=A. |last6=Verbruggen|url=http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/report/IPCC_SRREN_Annex_II.pdf |title=2011: Annex II: Methodology|work=IPCC: Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigatio|page= 10}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Direct use data 2015
!scope="col"| Country
!scope="col"| Capacity (MW) 2015<ref>{{Citation| last1 =Lund | first1 =John W. | last2 =Boyd | first2 =Tonya L.| date =April 2015| title =Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2015 Worldwide Review| periodical =Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015| volume =60 | page =66 | doi =10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.11.004 | bibcode =2016Geoth..60...66L | url = https://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/db/WGC/papers/WGC/2015/01000.pdf| access-date =2015-04-27}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal energy in the United States|United States]]
|17,415{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in the Philippines|Philippines]]
|3{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Indonesia|Indonesia]]
|2{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Mexico|Mexico]]
|155{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Italy|Italy]]
|1,014{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in New Zealand|New Zealand]]
|487{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Iceland|Iceland]]
|2,040{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Japan|Japan]]
|2,186{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal energy in Iran|Iran]]
|81{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal energy in El Salvador|El Salvador]]
|3{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Kenya|Kenya]]
|22{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal energy in Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]
|1{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Russia|Russia]]
|308{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Turkey|Turkey]]
|2,886{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Renewable energy in Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]
|0.10
|-
!scope="row"| Guatemala
|2{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Portugal|Portugal]]
|35{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in China|China]]
|17,870{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Renewable energy in France|France]]
|2,346{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]
|2{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Germany|Germany]]
|2,848{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Renewable energy in Austria#Geothermal power|Austria]]
|903{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Australia|Australia]]
|16{{0|.00}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Renewable energy in Thailand|Thailand]]
|128{{0|.00}}
|}

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ Installed geothermal electric capacity
!scope="col"| Country
!scope="col"| Capacity (MW) <br />(2024)<ref name="IRENA">{{Cite web |date=25 March 2025 |title=Renewable Energy Capacity Statistics 2025 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2025/Mar/IRENA_DAT_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2025.pdf |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=[[International Renewable Energy Agency|IRENA]] |page=45 (57 of PDF)}}</ref>
!scope="col"| % of national <br /> electricity <br />production
(2024){{refn|name=calc|Caclulated from<ref name="IRENA">{{Cite web |date=25 March 2025 |title=Renewable Energy Capacity Statistics 2025 |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2025/Mar/IRENA_DAT_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2025.pdf |access-date=26 April 2025 |website=[[International Renewable Energy Agency|IRENA]] |page=45 (57 of PDF)}}</ref>}}
!scope="col"| % of global<br />geothermal <br />production (2024){{refn|name=calc}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Australia|Australia]]
| 0||0.0%|| 0.0%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Renewable energy in Austria#Geothermal power|Austria]]
| 0||0.0%|| 0.0%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Canada|Canada]]
| 6||0.0% ||0.0%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Chile|Chile]]
| 95|| 0.4%|| 0.6%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in China|China]]
| 26||0.0% || 0.2%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal energy in Taiwan|Taiwan]]
| 7||0.0% || 0.0%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Renewable energy in Costa Rica#Geothermal power|Costa Rica]]
| 263||8.3%|| 1.7%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Energy in Croatia#Geothermal energy|Croatia]]
| 10||0.0%|| 0.0%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in El Salvador|El Salvador]]
| 209||11.2% || 1.4%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Energy in Ethiopia#Geothermal energy|Ethiopia]]
| 7||0.1%|| 0.0%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Renewable energy in France|France]]
| 16||0.0% || 0.1%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Germany|Germany]]
| 44|| 0.0%||0.3%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Guadeloupe#Energy|Guadeloupe]]
| 15||6.6% || 0.1%
|-
!scope="row"| Guatemala
| 49||1.8% ||0.3%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Renewable energy in Honduras#Geothermal|Honduras]]
| 39|| 2.0%|| 0.3%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Renewable energy in Hungary#Geothermal power|Hungary]]
| 3 || 0.0%|| 0.0%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Iceland|Iceland]]
| 788|| 26.8%|| 5.1%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Indonesia|Indonesia]]
| 2,688 || 18.8%|| 17.4%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Italy|Italy]]
| 772|| 1.1%||5.0%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Japan|Japan]]
| 461|| 0.3%|| 3.0%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in Kenya|Kenya]]
| 940|| 33.7%|| 6.1%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Energy in Mexico#Geothermal power|Mexico]]
| 999|| 2.9%||6.5%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Geothermal power in New Zealand|New Zealand]]
| 1,275 || 14.3%|| 8.3%
|-
!scope="row"| [[Electricity sector in Nicaragua#Geothermal|Nicaragua]]
| 165|| 21.5%|| 1.1%
|-
! scope="row" | [[Renewable energy in Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea]]
| 51 || 12.8%||0.3%
|-
! scope="row" | [[Geothermal power in the Philippines|Philippines]]
| 1,952 || 21.0%||12.7%
|-
! scope="row" | [[Geothermal power in Portugal|Portugal]]
| 29 || 0.1%||0.2%
|- class="sortbottom"
! scope="row" | [[Geothermal power in Romania|Romania]]
| 0 || 0.0%||0.0%
|-
![[Geothermal power in Russia|Russia]]
|81
|0.1%
|0.5%
|-
![[Renewable energy in Thailand|Thailand]]
|0
|0.0%
|0.0%
|-
![[Geothermal energy in Turkey|Turkey]]
|1,734
|2.5%
|11.2%
|-
![[Geothermal energy in the United States|United States]]
|2,703
|0.6%
|17.5%
|-
!'''Total'''
|16,738
|
|
|}

Geothermal electric plants were traditionally built on the edges of tectonic plates where high-temperature geothermal resources approach the surface. The development of [[binary cycle power plant]]s and improvements in drilling and extraction technology enable [[enhanced geothermal systems]] over a greater geographical range.<ref name="INEL"/> Demonstration projects are operational in [[Landau-Pfalz]], Germany, and [[Soultz-sous-Forêts]], France, while an earlier effort in [[Basel]], Switzerland, was shut down [[Induced seismicity in Basel|after it triggered earthquakes]]. Other demonstration projects are under construction in [[Geothermal power in Australia|Australia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the US.<ref>
{{Cite journal
 | first = Ruggero
 | last = Bertani | title = Geothermal Energy: An Overview on Resources and Potential
 | url = http://pangea.stanford.edu/ERE/pdf/IGAstandard/ISS/2009Slovakia/I.1.Bertani.pdf
 | journal = Proceedings of the International Conference on National Development of Geothermal Energy Use
 | editor-last1=Popovski |editor-first1=K. | editor-last2=Vranovska |editor-first2=A. | editor-last3=Popovska Vasilevska |editor-first3=S. 
 | year = 2009
}}</ref> In [[Myanmar]] over 39 locations are capable of geothermal power production, some of which are near [[Yangon]].<ref>{{Citation| last=DuByne| first=David| title= Geothermal Energy in Myanmar Securing Electricity for Eastern Border Development | journal=Myanmar Business Today Magazine |date=November 2015| url=http://www.oilseedcrops.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Geothermal-Energy-in-Myanmar-Securing-Electricity-for-Eastern-Border-Development-David-DuByne.pdf|pages=6–8}}</ref>