Editing George Washington Carver (section)

==Tuskegee Institute==
[[File:George Washington Carver, ca. 1902.jpg|thumb|George Washington Carver, front row, center, poses with fellow faculty of [[Tuskegee Institute]] in this {{circa|1902}} photograph taken by [[Frances Benjamin Johnston]].]]{{Redirect|George Washington Carver at Tuskegee Institute|3=George Washington Carver at Tuskegee Institute (film)|the film}}
In 1896, [[Booker T. Washington]], the first principal and president of the Tuskegee Institute (now [[Tuskegee University]]), invited Carver to head its Agriculture Department.<ref name="Macintosh on Carver" /> Carver taught there for 47 years, developing the department into a strong research center and working with two additional college presidents during his tenure. He taught methods of crop rotation, introduced several alternative cash crops for farmers that would also improve the soil of areas heavily cultivated in cotton, initiated research into crop products (chemurgy), and taught generations of black students farming techniques for self-sufficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=George Washington Carver (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/people/george-washington-carver.htm |access-date=2024-05-18 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref>

Carver designed a mobile classroom to take education out to farmers. He called it a "Jesup wagon" after the New York financier and [[philanthropist]] [[Morris Ketchum Jesup]], who provided funding to support the program.<ref>[http://www.cr.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/gwcwagon.htm "The first Jesup Wagon"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128200833/http://www.cr.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/tuskegee/gwcwagon.htm |date=January 28, 2013}}, George Washington Carver Museum, Tuskegee University Historic Site, National Park Service website.</ref>

To recruit Carver to Tuskegee, Washington gave him an above average salary and two rooms for his personal use, although both concessions were resented by some other faculty. Because he had earned a master's in a scientific field from a "white" institution, some faculty perceived him as arrogant.<ref>McMurry (1982), pp. 45–47.</ref> Unmarried faculty members normally had to share rooms, with two to a room, in the spartan early days of the institute.

One of Carver's duties was to administer the Agricultural Experiment Station farms. He had to manage the production and sale of farm products to generate revenue for the institute. He soon proved to be a poor administrator and clashed with other faculty members, especially [[George Ruffin Bridgeforth]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=McMurry |first=Linda O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlMkIgwg9KEC |title=George Washington Carver: Scientist and Symbol |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-19-503205-5 |location=New York |pages=59–161 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1900, Carver complained that the physical work and the letter-writing required were too much.<ref>Louis R. Harlan, Raymond Smock (eds), [https://books.google.com/books?id=L8AjNZnO1ZMC&q=Harlan,+GW+Carver ''The Booker T. Washington Papers: 1895–98''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509182648/https://books.google.com/books?id=L8AjNZnO1ZMC&dq=Harlan,+GW+Carver&source=gbs_navlinks_s |date=May 9, 2016}}, University of Illinois Press, 1975, Vol. 5, p. 481.</ref>

In 1904, an Institute committee reported that Carver's reports on yields from the poultry yard were exaggerated, and Washington confronted Carver about the issue. Carver replied in writing, "Now to be branded as a liar and party to such hellish deception it is more than I can bear, and if your committee feel that I have willfully lied or [was] party to such lies as were told my resignation is at your disposal."<ref>Harlan, Vol. 8, p. 95.</ref> During Washington's last five years at Tuskegee, Carver submitted or threatened his resignation several times: when the administration reorganized the agriculture programs,<ref>Harlan, Volume 10, p. 480.</ref> when he disliked a teaching assignment,<ref>Harlan, Vol. 12, p. 95.</ref> to manage an experiment station elsewhere,<ref>Harlan, Vol. 12, pp. 251–252.</ref> and when he did not get summer teaching assignments in 1913–14.<ref>Harlan, Vol. 12, p. 201.</ref><ref>Harlan, Vol. 13, p. 35.</ref> In each case, Washington smoothed things over.

[[File:George Washington Carver by Frances Benjamin Johnston.jpg|thumb|A photograph of George Washington Carver taken by [[Frances Benjamin Johnston]], 1906]]
Carver started his academic career as a researcher and teacher. In 1911, Washington wrote a letter to him complaining that Carver had not followed orders to plant particular crops at the experiment station. This revealed Washington's [[micro-management]] of Carver's department, which he had headed for more than 10 years by then. Washington at the same time refused Carver's requests for a new laboratory, research supplies for his exclusive use, and respite from teaching classes. Washington praised Carver's abilities in teaching and original research but said this about his administrative skills:

<blockquote>When it comes to the organization of classes, the ability required to secure a properly organized and large school or section of a school, you are wanting in ability. When it comes to the matter of practical farm managing which will secure definite, practical, financial results, you are wanting again in ability.</blockquote>

In 1911, Carver complained that his laboratory had not received the equipment which Washington had promised 11 months before. He also complained about Institute committee meetings.<ref>Harlan, Vol. 4, p. 239.</ref> Washington praised Carver in his 1911 memoir, ''My Larger Education: Being Chapters from My Experience''.<ref>[http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/washeducation/menu.html Booker T. Washington, 1856–1915 My Larger Education: Being Chapters from My Experience<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213060503/http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/washeducation/menu.html |date=February 13, 2007}}, 1911. Documenting the American South.</ref> Washington called Carver "one of the most thoroughly scientific men of the Negro race with whom I am acquainted".<ref name = "jjcxob">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/gwca/expanded/auto_bio.htm |title=GWC {{!}} His Life in his own words<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=February 7, 2007 |archive-date=February 14, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214092321/http://www.nps.gov/archive/gwca/expanded/auto_bio.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> After Washington died in 1915, his successor made fewer demands on Carver for administrative tasks.

From 1915 to 1923, Carver concentrated on researching and experimenting with new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, soybeans, pecans, and other crops, as well as having his assistants research and compile existing uses.<ref name="Special_History_Study">[http://www.nps.gov/applications/parks/gwca/ppdocuments/Special%20History%20Study.pdf Special History Study<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616092214/http://www.nps.gov/applications/parks/gwca/ppdocuments/Special%20History%20Study.pdf |date=June 16, 2006}} from the [[National Park Service]] website.</ref> This work, and especially his speaking to a national conference of the Peanut Growers Association in 1920 and in testimony before Congress in 1921 to support passage of a tariff on imported peanuts, brought him wide publicity and increasing renown. In these years, he became one of the most well-known African Americans of his time.