Editing George S. Kaufman (section)

===Theater===
[[File:Kaufman-Hart-1937.jpg|thumb|left|George S. Kaufman and [[Moss Hart]] in 1937]]
Kaufman's [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] debut was September 4, 1918, at the [[Knickerbocker Theatre (Broadway)|Knickerbocker Theatre]],  with the premiere of the melodrama ''Someone in the House''.<ref>{{cite news |title= The September Line-up | url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F5071FFE3F5D147A93C7AB1783D85F4C8185F9 | date=August 25, 1918 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | access-date=November 13, 2010}} (abstract) {{subscription required}}</ref><ref name=ibdb/> He coauthored the play with Walter C. Percival, based on a magazine story written by Larry Evans.<ref>{{cite journal | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_J_NAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA370 | title= The Stage | pages=356–371 | issue= 2 | volume= LXV | journal= [[Munsey's Magazine]] |date=November 1918 | first = Matthew Jr. | last= White | access-date=October 20, 2011 | location=New York | publisher= F.A. Munsey & Co.}}</ref> The play opened on Broadway (running for only 32 performances) during  [[1918 flu pandemic|that year's serious flu epidemic]], when people were being advised to avoid crowds.  With "dour glee", Kaufman suggested that the best way to avoid crowds in New York City was to attend his play.<ref name="time61obit">{{cite news |url= http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,938133,00.html |archive-url= https://archive.today/20130204134038/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,938133,00.html |url-status= dead |archive-date= February 4, 2013 | title= Broadway: One Man's Mede | date= June 9, 1961 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | access-date=November 13, 2010}}</ref>

Every Broadway season from 1921 through 1958 had a play written or directed by Kaufman. Since Kaufman's death in 1961,<ref name="time61obit"/> revivals of his work on Broadway were produced in the 1960s, the 1970s, the 1980s, the 2000s, and the 2010s.<ref name=ibdb>[http://www.ibdb.com/person.php?id=5827 "George S. Kaufman"]. Internet Broadway Database (ibdb.com). Retrieved November 13, 2010.</ref>  Kaufman wrote only one play alone, ''[[The Butter and Egg Man]]'' in 1925.<ref>Londré, Felicia Hardison (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jldiza39QrcC&pg=PA47 ''Words at Play:Creative Writing and Dramaturgy'']. SIU Press, {{ISBN|0-8093-2679-5}}, p. 47.</ref>  With [[Marc Connelly]], he wrote ''[[Merton of the Movies (play)|Merton of the Movies]]'', ''Dulcy'', and ''[[Beggar on Horseback]]''; with [[Ring Lardner]], he wrote ''[[June Moon]]''; with [[Edna Ferber]], he wrote ''[[The Royal Family (play)|The Royal Family]]'', ''[[Dinner at Eight (play)|Dinner at Eight]]'', and ''[[Stage Door (play)|Stage Door]]''; with [[John P. Marquand]], he wrote a stage adaptation of Marquand's novel ''[[The Late George Apley]]''; and with [[Howard Teichmann]], he wrote ''[[The Solid Gold Cadillac]]''.  According to his biography on PBS, "he wrote some of the American theater's most enduring comedies" with [[Moss Hart]].<ref>Larkin, Colin, ed. (2004). [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/kaufman_g.html "Stars Over Broadway: Biography, Excerpted from the Encyclopedia of Popular Music"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114071807/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/broadway/stars/kaufman_g.html |date=November 14, 2011 }}. pbs.org. Retrieved November 13, 2010.</ref> Their work includes ''[[Once in a Lifetime (play)|Once in a Lifetime]]'' (in which he also performed), ''[[Merrily We Roll Along (play)|Merrily We Roll Along]]'', ''[[The Man Who Came to Dinner]]'', and ''[[You Can't Take It with You (play)|You Can't Take It with You]]'', which won the [[Pulitzer Prize]] in 1937.<ref name=pulitzer>[http://www.pulitzer.org/bycat/Drama "The Pulitzer Prizes, Drama"]. pulitzer.org. Retrieved March 6, 2011.</ref>

For a period, Kaufman lived at 158 West 58th Street in New York City. The building later was the setting for ''Stage Door''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Teichmann | first=Howard | title=George S. Kaufman; An Intimate Portrait | url=https://archive.org/details/georgeskaufmanin00teicrich | url-access=registration | location=New York | publisher=Atheneum | year=1972 | oclc=400765}}</ref> It is now the Park Savoy Hotel, and for many years was considered a [[single room occupancy]] hotel.<ref>{{cite news |author=Okane, Laurence | title=Adjunct Garages Irk City Planners; Loophole in Zoning Permits All Comers to Use Space | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/01/24/archives/adjunct-garages-irk-city-planners-loophole-in-zoning-permits-all.html | work=The New York Times | date= January 24, 1965| access-date=October 13, 2008}} (abstract) {{subscription required}}</ref>

====Musical theater====
Despite his claim that he knew nothing about music and hated it in the theater, Kaufman collaborated on many [[musical theater]] projects. His most successful of such efforts include two Broadway shows crafted for the Marx Brothers, ''[[The Cocoanuts (musical)|The Cocoanuts]]'', written with [[Irving Berlin]], and ''[[Animal Crackers (musical)|Animal Crackers]]'', written with [[Morrie Ryskind]], [[Bert Kalmar]], and [[Harry Ruby]]. According to Charlotte Chandler, "By the time ''Animal Crackers'' opened&nbsp;... the Marx Brothers were becoming famous enough to interest Hollywood. Paramount signed them to a contract".<ref>Chandler, Charlotte (2007). ''Hello, I Must Be Going: Groucho and His Friends'', Simon and Schuster, {{ISBN|1-4165-6521-3}}.</ref>  Kaufman was one of the writers who excelled in writing intelligent nonsense for [[Groucho Marx]], a process that was collaborative, given Groucho's skills at expanding upon the scripted material. Though the Marx Brothers were notoriously critical of their writers, Groucho and [[Harpo Marx]] expressed admiration and gratitude towards Kaufman. [[Dick Cavett]], introducing Groucho onstage at [[Carnegie Hall]] in 1972, told the audience that Groucho considered Kaufman to be "his god".

While ''The Cocoanuts'' was being developed in Atlantic City, Irving Berlin was hugely enthusiastic about including the song "[[Always (1925 song)|Always]]", which he had written as a wedding present for his bride.{{efn|1=Both Kaufman and Marx describe the song as having been written expressly for the show,<ref name="Kaufman site">{{Cite web |url=http://www.georgeskaufman.com/play-catalogue/16-play-catalogue/critics-choice/80-the-cocoanuts-1925.html |title=The Cocoanuts (1925) |last1=Schneider |first1=Anne Kaufman |last2=Maslon |first2=Laurence |author-link2=Laurence Maslon |year=2013 |website=George S. Kaufman website |access-date=May 17, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thelifeandtimesofhollywood.com/irving-berlins-always-that-groucho-complained-was-for-the-marx-brothers-play-the-cocoanuts/ |title=Irving Berlin's 'Always' That Groucho Complained was for the Marx Brothers play 'The Cocoanuts.' |date=June 29, 2017 |website=The Life and Times of Hollywood |access-date=May 17, 2019 |archive-date=May 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517164818/https://thelifeandtimesofhollywood.com/irving-berlins-always-that-groucho-complained-was-for-the-marx-brothers-play-the-cocoanuts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> but it had been registered with the [[National Music Publishers Association|Music Publishers' Protective Association]] in May 1925, before Berlin started working on ''The Cocoanuts''.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArxJGmmIQR8C&pg=PA228 |title=The Complete Lyrics of Irving Berlin |last1=Kimball |first1=Robert |last2=Emmet |first2=Linda |publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |year=2005 |isbn=9781557836816 |pages=228}}</ref> "Always" was eventually restored to the score in a 1996 revival.<ref name="Kaufman site"/>}} Kaufman was less enthusiastic, and refused to rework the libretto to include this number. The song ultimately became a huge hit for Berlin, recorded by many popular performers. According to Laurence Bergreen, "Kaufman's lack of enthusiasm caused Irving to lose confidence in the song, and 'Always' was deleted from the score of ''The Cocoanuts'' – though not from its creator's memory.&nbsp;... Kaufman, a confirmed misogynist, had had no use for the song in ''The Cocoanuts'', but his disapproval did not deter Berlin from saving it for a more important occasion."<ref>Bergreen, Laurence  (1996). ''As Thousands Cheer: The Life of Irving Berlin'', Da Capo Press, {{ISBN|0-306-80675-4}}, pp. 249, 264.</ref> ''The Cocoanuts'' would remain Irving Berlin's only Broadway musical – until his last one, ''[[Mr. President (musical)|Mr. President]]'' – that did not include at least one eventual hit song.

Kaufman recalled the matter differently.  In an article in ''Stage'' magazine, he recalled that Berlin woke him up at 5 am one morning to play a new song he had just written.  "Even ''my'' deficient musical sense recognized that here was a song that was going to be popular.  I listened to it two or three times, then took a stab at it myself, and as dawn came up over the Atlantic, Irving and I were happily singing 'Always' together—its first performance on any stage.  I went back to bed a happy man, and stayed happy until rehearsals started, when it turned out that 'Always' had not been written for our show at all, but purely for Irving's music-publishing house.  In its place in ''The Cocoanuts'' was a song called 'A Little Bungalow,' which we never could reprise in Act Two because the actors couldn't remember it that long."<ref>"Music to My Ears", ''Stage'', August 1938. Reprinted in ''By George: A Kaufman Collection'', 1979.</ref>

Humor derived from political situations was of particular interest to Kaufman. He collaborated on the hit musical ''[[Of Thee I Sing]]'', which won the 1932 Pulitzer Prize, the first musical so honored,<ref name=pulitzer/> and its sequel ''[[Let 'Em Eat Cake]]'', as well as one troubled, but eventually successful, satire that had several incarnations, ''[[Strike Up the Band (musical)|Strike Up the Band]]''. Working with Kaufman on these ventures were Ryskind, [[George Gershwin]], and [[Ira Gershwin]]. Also, Kaufman, with Moss Hart, wrote the book to ''[[I'd Rather Be Right]]'', a musical starring [[George M. Cohan]] as [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] (the U.S. president at the time), with songs by [[Richard Rodgers]] and [[Lorenz Hart]]. He also co-wrote the 1935 comedy-drama ''[[First Lady (play)|First Lady]]''.  In 1945, Kaufman adapted ''[[H.M.S. Pinafore]]'' into ''[[Hollywood Pinafore]]''.

Kaufman also contributed to major New York revues, including ''[[The Band Wagon (musical)|The Band Wagon]]'' (which shared songs, but not plot with the 1953 film version) with [[Arthur Schwartz]] and [[Howard Dietz]]. His often-anthologized sketch "The Still Alarm" from the revue ''[[The Little Show]]'' lasted long after the show closed. Another well-known sketch of his is "If Men Played Cards as Women Do". Also, musicals have been based on Kaufman properties, such as the 1981 musical version of ''[[Merrily We Roll Along (musical)|Merrily We Roll Along]]'', adapted by [[George Furth]] and [[Stephen Sondheim]].<ref>Rich, Frank (November 17, 1981). [http://theater2.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?res=9805E6D91F39F934A25752C1A967948260 "Stage: A New Sondheim, ''Merrily We Roll Along''"]. ''The New York Times''.</ref> The musical ''[[Sherry!]]'' (1967) was based on his play ''The Man Who Came to Dinner''.<ref>[http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=3073 "''Sherry!''"]. Internet Broadway Database (ibdb.com). Retrieved November 13, 2010.</ref>

====Directing and producing====
[[File:The-Front-Page-1928-5.jpg|thumb|''[[The Front Page]]'' (1928)]]
[[File:Ford-Crawford-Of-Mice-and-Men-1938-cropped.jpg|thumb|''Of Mice and Men'' (1937), with [[Wallace Ford]] and [[Broderick Crawford]]]]
Kaufman directed the original or revival stage productions of many plays and musicals, including ''[[The Front Page]]'' by [[Charles MacArthur]] and [[Ben Hecht]] (1928), ''[[Of Thee I Sing]]'' (1931 and 1952), ''[[Of Mice and Men (play)|Of Mice and Men]]'' by [[John Steinbeck]] (1937), ''[[My Sister Eileen (play)|My Sister Eileen]]'' by [[Joseph Fields]] and [[Jerome Chodorov]] (1940), ''[[Hollywood Pinafore]]'' (1945), ''The Next Half Hour'' (1945), ''Park Avenue'' (1946, also co-wrote the book), ''Town House'' (1948), ''Bravo!'' (1948, also co-wrote the script), ''Metropole'' (1949), the [[Frank Loesser]] musical ''[[Guys and Dolls (musical)|Guys and Dolls]]'', for which he won the 1951 Best Director [[Tony Award]], ''[[The Enchanted (play)|The Enchanted]]'' (1950), ''The Small Hours'' (1951, also co-wrote the script), ''Fancy Meeting You Again'' (1952, also co-wrote the script), ''[[The Solid Gold Cadillac]]'' (1953, also co-wrote the script), and ''[[Romanoff and Juliet (play)|Romanoff and Juliet]]'' by [[Peter Ustinov]] (1957).<ref name=ibdb/>

Kaufman produced many of his own plays, as well as those of other writers. For a short time, from ''circa'' 1940 to 1946, Kaufman, with Moss Hart and Max Gordon, owned and operated the [[Lyceum Theatre (Broadway)|Lyceum Theatre]].<ref>Bloom, Ken (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zd15GW0ruWUC&pg=PA158 "Lyceum Theatre"]. ''The Routledge Guide To Broadway'', CRC Press, {{ISBN|0-415-97380-5}}, p. 158.</ref>