Editing Geography of Panama (section)

==Climate==
{{See also|Panama City#Climate}}
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map PAN present.svg|thumb|upright=2.0|Panama map of Köppen climate classification zones|alt=]]

Panama has a tropical climate. Temperatures are uniformly high—as is the relative humidity—and there is little seasonal variation. Diurnal ranges are low; on a typical dry-season day in the capital city, the early morning minimum may be {{convert|24|°C|1}} and the afternoon maximum {{convert|29|°C|1}}. The temperature seldom exceeds {{convert|32|°C|1}} for more than a short time.

Temperatures on the Pacific side of the isthmus are somewhat lower than on the Caribbean, and breezes tend to rise after dusk in most parts of the country. Temperatures are markedly cooler in the higher parts of the mountain ranges, and frosts occur in the Cordillera de Talamanca in western Panama, with pipes having been frozen at as low as {{convert|7000|ft|m|abbr=on}} elevation.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/OP-006.pdf|title = An Ecological Survey of the proposed Volcan Baru National Park, Republic of Panama|publisher = International Union for Conservation of Nature|access-date = 16 Oct 2024}}</ref>

Climatic regions are determined less on the basis of temperature than on rainfall, which varies regionally from less than {{convert|1300|mm|in|1|sp=us}} to more than {{convert|3000|mm|in|1|sp=us}} per year. Almost all of the rain falls during the rainy season, which is usually from May through November, but varies in length from seven to nine months, with certain exception due to [[monsoon]]s. The cycle of rainfall is determined primarily by two factors: moisture from the Caribbean, which is transported by north and northeast winds prevailing during most of the year, and the continental divide, which acts as a rain shield for the Pacific lowlands. Panama lies outside the [[Main Development Region]] for [[tropical cyclone]] activity. 

A third influence that is present during the late autumn is the southwest wind off the Pacific. This wind brings some precipitation to the Pacific lowlands, modified by the highlands of the [[Península de Azuero]], which form a partial rainshield for much of central Panama. Rainfall is generally much heavier on the Caribbean than on the Pacific side. The annual average in Panama City is little more than half of that in Colón.

===Examples===
'''Pacific Coast'''
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Panama City (1971–2000)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|collapsed = yes
|Jan high C = 31.7
|Feb high C = 31.7
|Mar high C = 32.2
|Apr high C = 32.2
|May high C = 31.1
|Jun high C = 30.6
|Jul high C = 30.6
|Aug high C = 30.6
|Sep high C = 30.0
|Oct high C = 29.4
|Nov high C = 30.0
|Dec high C = 30.6
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 28.1
|Feb mean C = 28.1
|Mar mean C = 28.6
|Apr mean C = 28.9
|May mean C = 28.3
|Jun mean C = 27.8
|Jul mean C = 27.8
|Aug mean C = 27.8
|Sep mean C = 27.2
|Oct mean C = 27.0
|Nov mean C = 27.2
|Dec mean C = 27.5
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 24.4
|Feb low C = 24.4
|Mar low C = 25.0
|Apr low C = 25.6
|May low C = 25.6
|Jun low C = 25.0
|Jul low C = 25.0
|Aug low C = 25.0
|Sep low C = 24.4
|Oct low C = 24.4
|Nov low C = 24.4
|Dec low C = 24.4
|year low C = 
|Jan rain mm = 29.3
|Feb rain mm = 10.1
|Mar rain mm = 13.1
|Apr rain mm = 64.7
|May rain mm = 225.1
|Jun rain mm = 235.0
|Jul rain mm = 168.5
|Aug rain mm = 219.9
|Sep rain mm = 253.9
|Oct rain mm = 330.7
|Nov rain mm = 252.3
|Dec rain mm = 104.6
|rain colour = green
|unit rain days = 0.1 mm
|Jan rain days = 2.9
|Feb rain days = 1.3
|Mar rain days = 1.4
|Apr rain days = 4.9
|May rain days = 15.0
|Jun rain days = 16.0
|Jul rain days = 14.0
|Aug rain days = 15.0
|Sep rain days = 17.0
|Oct rain days = 20.0
|Nov rain days = 16.0
|Dec rain days = 7.5
|year rain days = 131.0
|Jan sun = 228.9
|Feb sun = 245.2
|Mar sun = 183.9
|Apr sun = 173.1
|May sun = 108.5
|Jun sun = 116.3
|Jul sun = 106.1
|Aug sun = 118.1
|Sep sun = 99.2
|Oct sun = 103.9
|Nov sun = 139.8
|Dec sun = 120.5
|year sun = 1743.5
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name = WMOPanamaC>
{{cite web
| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/076/c01221.htm
| title = World Weather Information Service – Panama City
| publisher = World Meteorological Organization
| access-date = 10 April 2013}}</ref>
|source 2 = ETESA (sunshine data recorded at Albrook Field)<ref name = ETESAPanamaC>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.hidromet.com.pa/clima_historicos.php
| title = Datos Históricos : Estación Albrook Field
| publisher = Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A
| access-date = 10 April 2013
| language = es}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

'''Caribbean coast'''
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|collapsed = Yes 
| location = Colón | single line = Yes | metric first = Yes | temperature colour = 
| Jan high F = 84 | Feb high F = 84 | Mar high F = 85 | Apr high F = 86 | May high F = 87 | Jun high F = 86 | Jul high F = 85 | Aug high F = 85 | Sep high F = 87 | Oct high F = 86 | Nov high F = 84 | Dec high F = 84
| year high F = 85
| Jan low F = 76 | Feb low F = 76 | Mar low F = 76 | Apr low F = 77 | May low F = 76 | Jun low F = 75 | Jul low F = 75 | Aug low F = 75 | Sep low F = 75 | Oct low F = 74 | Nov low F = 74 | Dec low F = 75
| year low F = 75
| Jan rain inch = 4.3 | Feb rain inch = 2.0 | Mar rain inch = 1.4 | Apr rain inch = 3.7 | May rain inch = 10.8 | Jun rain inch = 14.5 | Jul rain inch = 16.5 | Aug rain inch = 16.4 | Sep rain inch = 11.5 | Oct rain inch = 18.4 | Nov rain inch = 24.4 | Dec rain inch = 12.6
| rain colour = green
| source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name="WeatherbaseColon">{{cite web | url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=38787&refer=wikipedia | title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Colon, Panama | publisher=Weatherbase | year=2011}}
Retrieved on November 24, 2011.</ref> 
| date = November 2011
}}

'''Interior lowlands'''
{{Weather box
| width       = auto
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
|collapsed = Y
| location    = Santiago de Veraguas (1991–2020)
| Jan record high C = 37.0
| Feb record high C = 38.0
| Mar record high C = 39.4
| Apr record high C = 39.4
| May record high C = 38.4
| Jun record high C = 36.6
| Jul record high C = 36.4
| Aug record high C = 35.6
| Sep record high C = 36.4
| Oct record high C = 35.2
| Nov record high C = 35.2
| Dec record high C = 36.0
| year record high C = 
| Jan high C  = 33.0
| Feb high C  = 34.4
| Mar high C  = 35.3
| Apr high C  = 35.1
| May high C  = 33.1
| Jun high C  = 32.0
| Jul high C  = 31.9
| Aug high C  = 32.0
| Sep high C  = 31.8
| Oct high C  = 30.9
| Nov high C  = 31.0
| Dec high C  = 32.0
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C  = 26.8
| Feb mean C  = 27.7
| Mar mean C  = 28.3
| Apr mean C  = 28.7
| May mean C  = 28.0
| Jun mean C  = 27.4
| Jul mean C  = 27.2
| Aug mean C  = 27.3
| Sep mean C  = 27.0
| Oct mean C  = 26.7
| Nov mean C  = 26.7
| Dec mean C  = 26.8
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C  = 20.5
| Feb low C  = 20.9
| Mar low C  = 21.3
| Apr low C  = 22.3
| May low C  = 23.0
| Jun low C  = 22.9
| Jul low C  = 22.5
| Aug low C  = 22.6
| Sep low C  = 22.2
| Oct low C  = 22.4
| Nov low C  = 22.3
| Dec low C  = 21.5
| year low C = 
|Jan record low C  = 15.6
|Feb record low C  = 15.6
|Mar record low C  = 16.6
|Apr record low C  = 16.8
|May record low C  =  18.0
|Jun record low C  = 19.4
|Jul record low C  = 18.0
|Aug record low C  = 18.8
|Sep record low C  = 18.2
|Oct record low C  = 17.8
|Nov record low C  = 18.8
|Dec record low C  = 15.2
|year record low C = 
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 22.5
| Feb rain mm = 16.7
| Mar rain mm = 20.9
| Apr rain mm = 96.7
| May rain mm = 313.7
| Jun rain mm = 300.8
| Jul rain mm = 243.0
| Aug rain mm = 317.3
| Sep rain mm = 342.4
| Oct rain mm = 395.5
| Nov rain mm = 259.3
| Dec rain mm = 82.7
| unit rain days = 0.1 mm
| Jan rain days = 2.3
| Feb rain days = 1.1
| Mar rain days = 1.8
| Apr rain days = 6.2
| May rain days = 17
| Jun rain days = 18
| Jul rain days = 15
| Aug rain days = 18
| Sep rain days = 20
| Oct rain days = 21
| Nov rain days = 17
| Dec rain days = 6.6
| Jan sun  = 235.1
| Feb sun  = 243.3
| Mar sun  =247.6
| Apr sun  =202.6
| May sun  =160.0
| Jun sun  =124.6
| Jul sun  =133.2
| Aug sun  =139.1
| Sep sun  =128.0
| Oct sun  =129.8
| Nov sun  =139.3
| Dec sun  =182.2
| year sun =	
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1242
|title = World Weather Information Service
|publisher = World Meteorological Organization
|access-date = 18 August 2024}}</ref>
|source 2 = <ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/panama#southwest
|title = Climate in Panama
|publisher = Climates to travel
|access-date = 13 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.imhpa.gob.pa/es/descripcion-generall-clima-panama
|title = Datos Meteorológicos
|publisher = Instituto de Meteorología e Hidrología de Panamá
|access-date = 10 Aug 2024}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
|width = auto 
|location = David, Chiriquí 
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|collapsed = Yes 
|Jan high C = 32.2
|Feb high C = 33.3
|Mar high C = 33.9
|Apr high C = 33.3
|May high C = 31.7
|Jun high C = 31.1
|Jul high C = 30.6
|Aug high C = 30.6
|Sep high C = 30.6
|Oct high C = 30.0
|Nov high C = 30.0
|Dec high C = 31.1
|year high C = 31.5
| Jan mean C  = 26.9
| Feb mean C  = 27.8
| Mar mean C  = 28.4
| Apr mean C  = 28.3
| May mean C  = 27.5
| Jun mean C  = 27.2
| Jul mean C  = 27.0
| Aug mean C  = 26.7
| Sep mean C  = 26.7
| Oct mean C  = 26.4
| Nov mean C  = 26.4
| Dec mean C  = 26.7
| year mean C = 
|Jan low C = 21.7
|Feb low C = 22.2
|Mar low C = 22.8
|Apr low C = 23.3
|May low C = 23.3
|Jun low C = 23.3
|Jul low C = 23.3
|Aug low C = 22.8
|Sep low C = 22.8
|Oct low C = 22.8
|Nov low C = 22.8
|Dec low C = 22.2
|year low C = 22.8
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 33.3
|Feb rain mm = 19.3
|Mar rain mm = 35.5
|Apr rain mm = 102.5
|May rain mm = 297.0
|Jun rain mm = 322.6
|Jul rain mm = 289.8
|Aug rain mm = 340.3
|Sep rain mm = 406.6
|Oct rain mm = 400.5
|Nov rain mm = 295.4
|Dec rain mm = 77.4
|Jan humidity = 67.7
|Feb humidity = 62.6
|Mar humidity = 62.4
|Apr humidity = 69.6
|May humidity = 79.5
|Jun humidity = 81.1
|Jul humidity = 80.4
|Aug humidity = 81.1
|Sep humidity = 82.1
|Oct humidity = 83.8
|Nov humidity = 82.8
|Dec humidity = 75.5
|year humidity = 75.7
|Jan sun= 275.5
|Feb sun= 262.0
|Mar sun= 270.5
|Apr sun= 216.2
|May sun= 160.4
|Jun sun= 128.3
|Jul sun= 141.1
|Aug sun= 148.6
|Sep sun= 135.4
|Oct sun= 139.5
|Nov sun= 154.5
|Dec sun= 218.7
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]] (UN) (30 yr record),<ref name="David WMO">{{cite web
 |url         = http://worldweather.wmo.int/076/c01241.htm
 |title       = World Weather Information Service – David
 |access-date  = October 9, 2012
 |publisher   = World Meteorological Organization
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20121028021404/http://worldweather.wmo.int/076/c01241.htm
 |archive-date = October 28, 2012
}}</ref> 
|source 2 = ETESA (humidity and sun values)<ref name="SMN David">{{cite web
 |url         = http://www.hidromet.com.pa/clima_historicos.php
 |title       = Datos Historicos- Hidrometeorologica de ETESA
 |access-date  = October 9, 2012
 |publisher   = ETESA
 |url-status     = live
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20121009003023/http://www.hidromet.com.pa/clima_historicos.php
 |archive-date = October 9, 2012
}}</ref>
|date=November 2011
}}

'''Highlands'''
{{Weather box|width=auto
|metric first=y
|single line=y 
|collapsed = Y
|location = Boquete 
| Jan record high C = 31.0
| Feb record high C = 30.2
| Mar record high C = 31.0
| Apr record high C = 31.0
| May record high C = 30.5
| Jun record high C = 29.5
| Jul record high C = 30.6
| Aug record high C = 29.8
| Sep record high C = 29.5
| Oct record high C = 28.8
| Nov record high C = 30.4
| Dec record high C = 29.2
| year record high C = 
| Jan high C  = 23.2
| Feb high C  = 23.2
| Mar high C  = 24.3
| Apr high C  = 24.3
| May high C  = 24.3
| Jun high C  = 24.0
| Jul high C  = 23.7
| Aug high C  = 23.7
| Sep high C  = 23.4
| Oct high C  = 23.5
| Nov high C  = 23.2
| Dec high C  = 22.7
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C  = 19.5
| Feb mean C  = 19.2
| Mar mean C  = 20.2
| Apr mean C  = 20.3
| May mean C  = 20.6
| Jun mean C  = 20.6
| Jul mean C  = 20.4
| Aug mean C  = 20.4
| Sep mean C  = 20.0
| Oct mean C  = 20.0
| Nov mean C  = 19.8
| Dec mean C  = 19.2
| year mean C = 
| Jan low C  = 15.8
| Feb low C  = 15.2
| Mar low C  = 16.2
| Apr low C  = 16.3
| May low C  = 16.9
| Jun low C  = 17.1
| Jul low C  = 17.1
| Aug low C  = 17.0
| Sep low C  = 16.7
| Oct low C  = 16.5
| Nov low C  = 16.4
| Dec low C  = 15.7
| year low C = 
|Jan record low C  = 4.0
|Feb record low C  = 4.6
|Mar record low C  = 4.0
|Apr record low C  = 3.4
|May record low C  =  6.0
|Jun record low C  = 5.0
|Jul record low C  = 4.0
|Aug record low C  = 4.2
|Sep record low C  = 2.8
|Oct record low C  = 4.2
|Nov record low C  = 3.0
|Dec record low C  = 3.0
|year record low C = 
|rain colour = green	
|Jan rain mm = 52.3
|Feb rain mm = 26.6
|Mar rain mm = 36.7
|Apr rain mm = 76.1
|May rain mm = 284.2
|Jun rain mm = 317.2
|Jul rain mm = 224.5
|Aug rain mm = 293.8
|Sep rain mm = 397.4
|Oct rain mm = 411.7
|Nov rain mm = 219.8
|Dec rain mm = 101.3
|year rain mm = 	
|source 1 = Climates to travel <ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/panama#southwest
|title = Climate in Panama
|publisher = Climates to travel
|access-date = 13 Oct 2024}}</ref>
|source 2 = IMHPA (rainfall and temperature records)<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.imhpa.gob.pa/es/
|title = Instituto de Meteorología e Hidrología de Panamá (108-017)
|publisher = IMHPA
|access-date = 29 Sep 2024}}</ref>
}}