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==Climate== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 LVA 1991–2020.svg|thumb|300x300px|Köppen–Geiger climate classification map at 1-km resolution for Latvia 1991–2020]] In the summer, daylight hours are long and in the winter short.<ref name=":0" /> In December it is still pitch dark at 9:00 A.M., and daylight disappears before 4:00 P.M.<ref name=":0" /> The climate is tempered by the Gulf Stream flowing across the Atlantic Ocean from Mexico.<ref name=":0" /> Average temperatures in winter are reasonably mild, ranging in January from {{convert|-1.7|°C}} in [[Liepāja]], on the western coast, to {{convert|-6.6|°C}} in the southeastern town of Daugavpils.<ref name=":0" /> July temperatures range from {{convert|17.4|°C}} in Liepāja to {{convert|17.6|°C}} in Daugavpils.<ref name=":0" /> Latvia's proximity to the sea brings high levels of humidity and precipitation, with average annual precipitation of {{convert|633|mm|in|1|sp=us}} in Riga.<ref name=":0" /> There, an average of 180 days per year have precipitation, forty-four days have fog, and only seventy-two days are sunny. Continuous snow cover lasts eighty-two days, and the frost-free period lasts 177 days.<ref name=":0" /> This precipitation has helped provide the abundant water for Latvia's many rivers and lakes, but it has created many problems as well.<ref name=":0" /> A large part of agricultural land requires drainage.<ref name=":0" /> Much money has been spent for [[land amelioration]] projects involving the installation of drainage pipes, the straightening and deepening of natural streams, the digging of drainage ditches, and the construction of polder dams.<ref name=":0" /> During the 1960s and 1970s, drainage work absorbed about one-third of all agricultural investments in Latvia.<ref name=":0" /> Although accounting for only one-third of 1% of the territory, Latvia was responsible for 11% of all artificially drained land in the former Soviet Union.<ref name=":0" /> An additional problem associated with precipitation is the difficulty of early mechanized sowing and harvesting because of waterlogged fields.<ref name=":0" /> Heavy precipitation occurs, especially during harvest time in August and September, requiring heavy investment outlays in grain-drying structures and ventilation systems.<ref name=":0" /> In 1992 Latvia experienced the driest summer in recorded weather history, but unusually heavy rains in the preceding spring kept crop damage below the extent expected.<ref name=":0" /> The moist climate has been a major factor orienting Latvian agriculture toward animal husbandry and dairying.<ref name=":0" /> Even most of the field crops, such as barley, oats, and potatoes, are grown for animal feed.<ref name=":0" /> {{Weather box | width = auto | location = Riga (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1885-present) | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | collapsed = Yes | Jan record high C = 10.2 | Feb record high C = 13.6 | Mar record high C = 20.5 | Apr record high C = 27.9 | May record high C = 30.5 | Jun record high C = 34.0 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 33.9 | Sep record high C = 29.4 | Oct record high C = 23.4 | Nov record high C = 17.2 | Dec record high C = 11.8 | year record high C = 34.5 | Jan high C = -0.1 | Feb high C = 0.3 | Mar high C = 4.8 | Apr high C = 11.9 | May high C = 17.8 | Jun high C = 21.3 | Jul high C = 23.8 | Aug high C = 22.7 | Sep high C = 17.3 | Oct high C = 10.5 | Nov high C = 4.8 | Dec high C = 1.4 | Jan mean C = -2.1 | Feb mean C = -2.0 | Mar mean C = 1.5 | Apr mean C = 7.4 | May mean C = 13.0 | Jun mean C = 16.7 | Jul mean C = 19.3 | Aug mean C = 18.3 | Sep mean C = 13.4 | Oct mean C = 7.5 | Nov mean C = 3.0 | Dec mean C = -0.3 | Jan low C = -4.5 | Feb low C = -4.6 | Mar low C = -1.7 | Apr low C = 2.9 | May low C = 8.2 | Jun low C = 12.4 | Jul low C = 14.9 | Aug low C = 14.1 | Sep low C = 9.8 | Oct low C = 4.9 | Nov low C = 1.1 | Dec low C = -2.4 | Jan record low C = −33.7 | Feb record low C = −34.9 | Mar record low C = −30.3 | Apr record low C = −13.1 | May record low C = −5.5 | Jun record low C = −2.3 | Jul record low C = 4.0 | Aug record low C = 0.0 | Sep record low C = −4.1 | Oct record low C = −9.5 | Nov record low C = −20.5 | Dec record low C = −31.9 | year record low C = −34.9 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 46.5 | Feb precipitation mm = 40.1 | Mar precipitation mm = 34.1 | Apr precipitation mm = 35.0 | May precipitation mm = 47.5 | Jun precipitation mm = 65.0 | Jul precipitation mm = 79.5 | Aug precipitation mm = 77.9 | Sep precipitation mm = 67.1 | Oct precipitation mm = 75.6 | Nov precipitation mm = 56.3 | Dec precipitation mm = 50.2 | year precipitation mm = | Jan snow cm = 25.0 | Feb snow cm = 23.6 | Mar snow cm = 15.7 | Apr snow cm = 5.2 | May snow cm = 0.0 | Jun snow cm = 0.0 | Jul snow cm = 0.0 | Aug snow cm = 0.0 | Sep snow cm = 0.0 | Oct snow cm = 1.2 | Nov snow cm = 7.0 | Dec snow cm = 22.0 | year snow cm = | unit precipitation days = 1.0mm | Jan precipitation days = 9.4 | Feb precipitation days = 7.0 | Mar precipitation days = 8.2 | Apr precipitation days = 8.0 | May precipitation days = 7.7 | Jun precipitation days = 8.9 | Jul precipitation days = 11.2 | Aug precipitation days = 10.9 | Sep precipitation days = 12.3 | Oct precipitation days = 11.6 | Nov precipitation days = 12.5 | Dec precipitation days = 12.2 | year precipitation days = | Jan humidity = 87.9 | Feb humidity = 85.2 | Mar humidity = 79.4 | Apr humidity = 69.7 | May humidity = 67.7 | Jun humidity = 72.0 | Jul humidity = 74.2 | Aug humidity = 76.7 | Sep humidity = 81.1 | Oct humidity = 85.1 | Nov humidity = 90.2 | Dec humidity = 89.4 | year humidity = 79.9 | Jan sun = 36.6 | Feb sun = 64.2 | Mar sun = 141.2 | Apr sun = 203.6 | May sun = 286.7 | Jun sun = 282.2 | Jul sun = 291.2 | Aug sun = 250.4 | Sep sun = 166.7 | Oct sun = 95.5 | Nov sun = 36.1 | Dec sun = 24.4 | year sun = | Jan uv = 0 | Feb uv = 1 | Mar uv = 2 | Apr uv = 3 | May uv = 5 | Jun uv = 6 | Jul uv = 5 | Aug uv = 5 | Sep uv = 3 | Oct uv = 1 | Nov uv = 0 | Dec uv = 0 | source 1 = [[Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre|Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Agency]] (temperature, precipitation and sunshine)<ref name = 9120average>{{cite web | url = https://data.gov.lv/dati/dataset/klimatisko-normu-dati/resource/4ef4a2ac-b439-478a-83b3-cdd39b1eff77 | title = Klimatisko normu dati | trans-title = Climate normals data | language = lv | publisher = [[Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre]] | accessdate = March 17, 2023 | archive-date = January 13, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230113024913/https://data.gov.lv/dati/dataset/klimatisko-normu-dati/resource/4ef4a2ac-b439-478a-83b3-cdd39b1eff77 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name = extremes>{{cite web | url = https://klimats.meteo.lv/klimats/rekordi/ | title = Gaisa temperatūras rekordi | trans-title = Record air temperatures | language = lv | publisher = [[Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre]] | accessdate = March 17, 2023 | archive-date = January 13, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230113024910/https://klimats.meteo.lv/klimats/rekordi/ | url-status = live }}</ref> | source 2 = [[NOAA]] (precipitation days 1961-1990),<ref name="NOAA-Riga">{{cite web |url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/LV/26422.TXT |title = Riga Climate Normals 1961–1990 |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = 2 February 2013 |archive-date = 31 March 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230331162248/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/LV/26422.TXT |url-status = live }}</ref> Weather Atlas,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/latvia/riga-climate|title=Riga, Latvia – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast|publisher=Yu Media Group|website=Weather Atlas|language=en|access-date=6 July 2019|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706140053/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/latvia/riga-climate|url-status=live}}</ref> and World Weather Online (snowfall)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldweatheronline.com/riga-weather-averages/riga/lv.aspx|title=Riga Climate Weather Averages|last=d.o.o|website=Weather Weather Online|language=en|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829210456/https://www.worldweatheronline.com/riga-weather-averages/riga/lv.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>}} {{Weather box |location = Ventspils (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1873−present) |single line = Y |metric first = Y |collapsed = Yes |Jan record high C= 8.9 |Feb record high C= 14.2 |Mar record high C= 18.6 |Apr record high C= 26.1 |May record high C= 31.7 |Jun record high C= 33.1 |Jul record high C= 34.8 |Aug record high C= 37.8 |Sep record high C= 30.2 |Oct record high C= 22.6 |Nov record high C= 15.1 |Dec record high C= 12.5 |year record high C= 37.8 |Jan high C= 1.2 |Feb high C= 1.0 |Mar high C= 3.7 |Apr high C= 8.9 |May high C= 13.9 |Jun high C= 17.7 |Jul high C= 20.9 |Aug high C= 21.1 |Sep high C= 16.8 |Oct high C= 11.1 |Nov high C= 6.1 |Dec high C= 3.1 |year high C= |Jan mean C= -0.5 |Feb mean C= -1.1 |Mar mean C= 1.3 |Apr mean C= 5.6 |May mean C= 10.4 |Jun mean C= 14.5 |Jul mean C= 17.8 |Aug mean C= 17.8 |Sep mean C= 13.8 |Oct mean C= 8.6 |Nov mean C= 4.2 |Dec mean C= 1.3 |year mean C= |Jan low C= -2.6 |Feb low C= -3.3 |Mar low C= -1.1 |Apr low C= 2.8 |May low C= 7.3 |Jun low C= 11.5 |Jul low C= 14.7 |Aug low C= 14.5 |Sep low C= 10.8 |Oct low C= 6.0 |Nov low C= 2.2 |Dec low C= -0.7 |year low C= |Jan record low C= -31.6 |Feb record low C= -29.5 |Mar record low C= -26.7 |Apr record low C= -12.7 |May record low C= -4.3 |Jun record low C= 0.5 |Jul record low C= 4.2 |Aug record low C= 2.6 |Sep record low C= -2.9 |Oct record low C= -8.5 |Nov record low C= -15.0 |Dec record low C= -25.0 |year record low C= |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm= 59.3 |Feb precipitation mm= 46.3 |Mar precipitation mm= 38.9 |Apr precipitation mm= 31.6 |May precipitation mm= 36.8 |Jun precipitation mm= 49.6 |Jul precipitation mm= 63.5 |Aug precipitation mm= 75.9 |Sep precipitation mm= 64.4 |Oct precipitation mm= 84.8 |Nov precipitation mm= 70.6 |Dec precipitation mm= 71.2 |year precipitation mm= |unit precipitation days= 1 mm |Jan precipitation days= 13 |Feb precipitation days= 9 |Mar precipitation days= 10 |Apr precipitation days= 7 |May precipitation days= 7 |Jun precipitation days= 8 |Jul precipitation days= 8 |Aug precipitation days= 10 |Sep precipitation days= 10 |Oct precipitation days= 14 |Nov precipitation days= 14 |Dec precipitation days= 14 |year precipitation days= |Jan sun= 21.2 |Feb sun= 50.4 |Mar sun= 128.1 |Apr sun= 174.4 |May sun= 322.2 |Jun sun= 268.8 |Jul sun= 270.4 |Aug sun= 149.2 |Sep sun= 127.6 |Oct sun= 103.3 |Nov sun= 24.4 |Dec sun= 25.1 |year sun= 1665.1 |source 1 = LVĢMC<ref name = 9120average/><ref name = extremes/> |source 2 = NOAA (precipitation days 1981-2010),<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Latvia/WMO_Normals_Excel_Template_Latvia_Ventspils.xls | title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981-2010 | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | accessdate = March 30, 2023 | archive-date = March 31, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230331162901/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Latvia/WMO_Normals_Excel_Template_Latvia_Ventspils.xls | url-status = live }}</ref> infoclimat.fr (sunshine 1991-2020)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1991-2020/ventspils/valeurs/26314.html |title=Normales et records pour la période 1991-2020 à Ventspils |trans-title=Normals and extremes for the period 1991-2020 in Ventspils |lang=fr |publisher=infoclimat.fr |access-date=February 18, 2022 |archive-date=November 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108060511/https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1991-2020/ventspils/valeurs/26314.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Liepaja (1991–2020 temp and precipitation, 1961–1990 sun and humidity, extremes 1895-present) |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |collapsed = yes |Jan record high C = 14.3 |Feb record high C = 15.5 |Mar record high C = 19.0 |Apr record high C = 27.0 |May record high C = 32.3 |Jun record high C = 36.5 |Jul record high C = 36.9 |Aug record high C = 36.1 |Sep record high C = 30.7 |Oct record high C = 24.9 |Nov record high C = 16.5 |Dec record high C = 13.7 |year record high C = 36.9 |Jan high C = 0.9 |Feb high C = 1.1 |Mar high C = 4.2 |Apr high C = 10.4 |May high C = 15.4 |Jun high C = 18.6 |Jul high C = 21.6 |Aug high C = 21.6 |Sep high C = 17.1 |Oct high C = 11.2 |Nov high C = 5.9 |Dec high C = 2.6 |year high C = 11.0 |Jan mean C = -1.0 |Feb mean C = -1.2 |Mar mean C = 1.3 |Apr mean C = 6.5 |May mean C = 11.2 |Jun mean C = 14.8 |Jul mean C = 17.9 |Aug mean C = 17.7 |Sep mean C = 13.8 |Oct mean C = 8.5 |Nov mean C = 4.1 |Dec mean C = 0.9 |year mean C = 8.0 |Jan low C = -3.0 |Feb low C = -3.4 |Mar low C = -1.6 |Apr low C = 2.5 |May low C = 7.0 |Jun low C = 11.0 |Jul low C = 14.1 |Aug low C = 13.8 |Sep low C = 10.3 |Oct low C = 5.8 |Nov low C = 2.2 |Dec low C = -0.8 |year low C = 4.9 |Jan record low C = -32.9 |Feb record low C = -31.6 |Mar record low C = -23.8 |Apr record low C = -10.1 |May record low C = -4.3 |Jun record low C = 0.5 |Jul record low C = 4.0 |Aug record low C = 3.0 |Sep record low C = -1.7 |Oct record low C = -7.3 |Nov record low C = -17.5 |Dec record low C = -25.8 |year record low C = -32.9 | Jan avg record high C = 5.7 | Feb avg record high C = 5.9 | Mar avg record high C = 10.8 | Apr avg record high C = 20.5 | May avg record high C = 25.7 | Jun avg record high C = 26.9 | Jul avg record high C = 29.1 | Aug avg record high C = 28.2 | Sep avg record high C = 23.2 | Oct avg record high C = 17.2 | Nov avg record high C = 10.9 | Dec avg record high C = 7.2 |year avg record high C = 30.4 | Jan avg record low C = -14.8 | Feb avg record low C = -13.2 | Mar avg record low C = -9.2 | Apr avg record low C = -3.6 | May avg record low C = 0.2 | Jun avg record low C = 4.5 | Jul avg record low C = 8.3 | Aug avg record low C = 7.8 | Sep avg record low C = 3.3 | Oct avg record low C = -2.2 | Nov avg record low C = -5.2 | Dec avg record low C = -10.2 |year avg record low C = -18.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 61.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 43.3 |Mar precipitation mm = 42.3 |Apr precipitation mm = 42.9 |May precipitation mm = 38.8 |Jun precipitation mm = 51.5 |Jul precipitation mm = 70.9 |Aug precipitation mm = 83.4 |Sep precipitation mm = 77.5 |Oct precipitation mm = 89.0 |Nov precipitation mm = 83.5 |Dec precipitation mm = 79.7 |year precipitation mm = 755.6 |Jan precipitation days = 13.51 |Feb precipitation days = 9.80 |Mar precipitation days = 10.04 |Apr precipitation days = 7.05 |May precipitation days = 7.15 |Jun precipitation days = 8.24 |Jul precipitation days = 8.51 |Aug precipitation days = 9.95 |Sep precipitation days = 11.11 |Oct precipitation days = 13.68 |Nov precipitation days = 15.04 |Dec precipitation days = 15.15 |year precipitation days = 127.69 |Jan humidity = 87.2 |Feb humidity = 85.8 |Mar humidity = 82.8 |Apr humidity = 76.3 |May humidity = 75.7 |Jun humidity = 77.4 |Jul humidity = 78.9 |Aug humidity = 78.5 |Sep humidity = 80.5 |Oct humidity = 82.9 |Nov humidity = 87.4 |Dec humidity = 86.9 |year humidity = 81.7 |Jan sun = 34 |Feb sun = 64 |Mar sun = 130 |Apr sun = 187 |May sun = 273 |Jun sun = 295 |Jul sun = 279 |Aug sun = 248 |Sep sun = 173 |Oct sun = 103 |Nov sun = 43 |Dec sun = 28 |year sun = 1857 |source 1 = [[NOAA]] (sun 1961–1990)<ref name = HKOLiepaja>{{cite web | url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/LV/26406.TXT | title = Liepaja Climate Normals 1961–1990 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = 28 November 2013 | archive-date = 18 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220318022741/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/LV/26406.TXT | url-status = live }}</ref> |source 2 = Weatherbase (humidity)<ref name = weatherbaseliepaja>{{cite web | url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=264060 | title = Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Griuzupe, Latvia | publisher = Weatherbase | access-date = 4 February 2013 | archive-date = 15 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181115113512/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=264060 | url-status = live }}</ref> Source #3: Météo Climat<ref>{{cite web | url= http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-1-p125.php | title= Liepaja Climate Normals 1981–2010 | publisher= Météo Climat | access-date= 11 October 2017}}</ref> |date=November 2011 }} {{Weather box |width = auto |location = Daugavpils (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1891-present) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |collapsed = Yes |Jan record high C = 11.1 |Feb record high C = 13.1 |Mar record high C = 18.4 |Apr record high C = 27.4 |May record high C = 31.8 |Jun record high C = 33.1 |Jul record high C = 35.1 |Aug record high C = 33.5 |Sep record high C = 31.3 |Oct record high C = 23.6 |Nov record high C = 16.3 |Dec record high C = 10.6 |year record high C = |Jan high C = -1.8 |Feb high C = -1.1 |Mar high C = 4.0 |Apr high C = 12.2 |May high C = 18.1 |Jun high C = 21.4 |Jul high C = 23.7 |Aug high C = 22.5 |Sep high C = 17.0 |Oct high C = 9.9 |Nov high C = 3.6 |Dec high C = -0.2 |year high C = |Jan mean C = -4.1 |Feb mean C = -4.1 |Mar mean C = 0.0 |Apr mean C = 6.7 |May mean C = 12.2 |Jun mean C = 15.8 |Jul mean C = 18.1 |Aug mean C = 16.8 |Sep mean C = 11.9 |Oct mean C = 6.3 |Nov mean C = 1.5 |Dec mean C = -2.2 |year mean C = |Jan low C = -7.0 |Feb low C = -7.7 |Mar low C = -4.3 |Apr low C = 1.1 |May low C = 5.7 |Jun low C = 9.7 |Jul low C = 12.1 |Aug low C = 11.0 |Sep low C = 7.0 |Oct low C = 2.7 |Nov low C = -0.8 |Dec low C = -4.5 |year low C = |Jan record low C = -42.7 |Feb record low C = -43.2 |Mar record low C = -32.0 |Apr record low C = -18.6 |May record low C = -5.5 |Jun record low C = -1.3 |Jul record low C = 2.1 |Aug record low C = -1.5 |Sep record low C = -5.0 |Oct record low C = -14.7 |Nov record low C = -24.1 |Dec record low C = -38.7 |year record low C = |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 40.3 |Feb precipitation mm = 38.7 |Mar precipitation mm = 35.5 |Apr precipitation mm = 34.6 |May precipitation mm = 61.6 |Jun precipitation mm = 74.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 72.9 |Aug precipitation mm = 71.7 |Sep precipitation mm = 56.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 58.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 48.4 |Dec precipitation mm = 42.8 |year precipitation mm = |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 9.6 |Feb precipitation days = 7.7 |Mar precipitation days = 8.5 |Apr precipitation days = 8.0 |May precipitation days = 9.2 |Jun precipitation days = 9.9 |Jul precipitation days = 11.1 |Aug precipitation days = 10.2 |Sep precipitation days = 11.7 |Oct precipitation days = 9.8 |Nov precipitation days = 11.4 |Dec precipitation days = 11.9 |year precipitation days = 119.0 |Jan sun = 35.1 |Feb sun = 62.2 |Mar sun = 133.4 |Apr sun = 195.1 |May sun = 270.2 |Jun sun = 271.9 |Jul sun = 277.2 |Aug sun = 244.5 |Sep sun = 156.4 |Oct sun = 87.9 |Nov sun = 30.5 |Dec sun = 24.9 |year sun = |source 1 = LVĢMC<ref name = 9120average/><ref name = extremes/> |source 2 = NOAA (precipitation days 1961-1990)<ref name = "NOAA-Daugavpils">{{cite web | url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/LV/26544.TXT | title = Daugavpils Climate Normals 1961–1990 | language = en-us | publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] | access-date = November 28, 2015 | archive-date = March 19, 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230319100856/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/LV/26544.TXT | url-status = live }}</ref> |date=August 2010}}
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