Editing Geneva (section)

==Geography==

===Topography===
[[File:Geneva by Sentinel-2.jpg|alt=|thumb|Satellite view of Geneva; [[Cointrin Airport]] is centre left. The [[Salève]] (in France) is the large area of green at the bottom right.]]
[[File:Map of Geneva, 50,000.pdf|thumb|Map of Geneva, 1:50,000]]
Geneva is located at 46°12' North, 6°09' East, at the south-western end of [[Lake Geneva]], where the [[Rhône]] flows out. It is surrounded by three mountain chains, each belonging to the [[Jura Mountains|Jura]]: the Jura main range lies north-westward, the [[Vuache]] southward, and the [[Salève]] south-eastward.
[[File:Genève vue aérienne.jpg|left|thumb|222x222px|The Geneva area seen from above the Jura mountain chain, with the International airport in the foreground, and the Mont Blanc mountain range in the background]]
The city covers an area of {{cvt|15.93|km2|sqmi|1}}, while the area of the [[canton of Geneva|canton]] is {{cvt|282|km2|sqmi|1}}, including the two small [[enclave|exclave]]s of [[Céligny]] in [[Vaud]]. The part of the lake that is attached to Geneva has an area of {{cvt|38|km2|sqmi|1}} and is sometimes referred to as {{lang|fr|petit lac}} ('small lake'). The canton has only a {{cvt|4.5|km|mi|1|adj=mid|-long}} border with the rest of Switzerland. Of {{cvt|107.5|km|mi|1}} of the border, 103 are shared with France, the department of [[Ain]] to the north and west and the department of {{lang|fr|[[Haute-Savoie]]}} to the south and east.

Of the land in the city, {{cvt|0.24|km2|sqmi}}, or 1.5%, is used for agricultural purposes, while {{cvt|0.5|km2|sqmi}}, or 3.1%, is forested. The rest of the land, {{cvt|14.63|km2|sqmi}}, or 91.8%, is built up (buildings or roads), {{cvt|0.49|km2|sqmi}}, or 3.1%, is either rivers or lakes and {{cvt|0.02|km2|acre}}, or 0.1%, is wasteland.<ref name="BFS_land">{{Cite web |title=Swiss Federal Statistical Office-Land Use Statistics |url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/02/03/blank/data/gemeindedaten.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606115802/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/02/03/blank/data/gemeindedaten.html |archive-date=6 June 2016 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.bfs.admin.ch |language=de}}</ref>

Of the built-up area, industrial buildings made up 3.4%, housing and buildings made up 46.2% and transportation infrastructure 25.8%, while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 15.7%. Of the agricultural land, 0.3% is used for growing crops. Of the water in the municipality, 0.2% is composed of lakes and 2.9% is rivers and streams.<ref name=BFS_land/>
[[File:Confluence Rhône et Arve.JPG|thumb|Confluence of the Rhône and the Arve]]
The altitude of Geneva is {{cvt|373.6|m|ft|1}} and corresponds to the altitude of the largest of the [[Pierres du Niton]], two large rocks emerging from the lake which date from the [[Wisconsin glaciation|last ice age]]. This rock was chosen by General [[Guillaume Henri Dufour]] as the reference point for surveying in Switzerland.<ref>[[Swisstopo]], [http://www.swisstopo.ch/en/basics/geo/faq/horizon Height reference for Switzerland]. Retrieved 1 February 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927211213/http://www.swisstopo.ch/en/basics/geo/faq/horizon |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> The second main river of Geneva is the [[Arve]], which flows into the [[Rhône]] just west of the city centre. [[Mont Blanc]] can be seen from Geneva and is an hour's drive from the city.

===Climate===
[[File:Average Temp and Precipitation Geneva.png|thumb|Average temperature and precipitation 1961–1990<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/GVE/climsheet_GVE_np6190_e.pdf |title=Climate normals Genève–Cointrin (Reference period 1961–1990) |publisher=Swiss Federal Office of Metreology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss |location=Zürich-Airport, Switzerland |date=2 July 2014 |access-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411075633/http://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/GVE/climsheet_GVE_np6190_e.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The climate of Geneva is a [[temperate climate]], more specifically an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]]: '''Cfb'''). Winters are cool, usually with light frosts at night and thawing conditions during the day. Summers are relatively warm. Precipitation is adequate and is relatively well-distributed throughout the year, although autumn is slightly wetter than other seasons. Ice storms near [[Lac Léman]] are normal in the winter: Geneva can be affected by the [[Bise]], a north-easterly wind. This can lead to severe icing in winter.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 January 2017 |title=La bise va se calmer après une journée chaotique, mais plusieurs écoles vont rester fermées |trans-title=The bise wind will calm down after a chaotic day, but several schools will remain closed. |url=https://www.rts.ch/info/suisse/8314926-la-bise-va-se-calmer-apres-une-journee-chaotique-mais-plusieurs-ecoles-vont-rester-fermees.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225210514/https://www.rts.ch/info/suisse/8314926-la-bise-va-se-calmer-apres-une-journee-chaotique-mais-plusieurs-ecoles-vont-rester-fermees.html |archive-date=25 February 2018 |access-date=25 February 2018 |publisher=[[Radio Télévision Suisse|RTS Radio Télévision Suisse]] |location=Geneva |language=fr}}</ref>

In summer, many people swim in the lake and patronise public beaches such as Genève Plage and the [[Bains des Pâquis]]. The city, in certain years, receives snow during colder months. The nearby mountains are subject to substantial snowfall and are suitable for skiing. Many world-renowned ski resorts such as [[Verbier]] and [[Crans-Montana]] are less than three hours away by car. [[Saleve|Mont Salève]] ({{cvt|1379|m|ft}}), just across the border in France, dominates the southerly view from the city centre, and [[Mont Blanc]], the highest of the Alpine range, is visible from most of the city, towering high above [[Chamonix]], which, along with Morzine, Le Grand Bornand, La Clusaz, and resorts of the Grand Massif such as Samoens, Morillon, and Flaine, are the closest French skiing destinations to Geneva.

During the years 2000–2009, the mean yearly temperature was 11&nbsp;°C and the mean number of sunshine-hours per year was 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geneva climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time |url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/switzerland/geneva |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=www.climatestotravel.com |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731224525/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/switzerland/geneva |url-status=live}}</ref>

The highest temperature recorded in Genève–Cointrin was {{cvt|39.7|C|F}} in July 2015, and the lowest temperature recorded was −20.0&nbsp;°C (−4.0&nbsp;°F) in February 1956.

{{Weather box
|location = Geneva ([[Geneva Airport|GVA]]), elevation: {{convert|412|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1901–present
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 18.1
|Feb record high C = 20.6
|Mar record high C = 24.9
|Apr record high C = 27.5
|May record high C = 33.8
|Jun record high C = 36.5
|Jul record high C = 39.7
|Aug record high C = 39.3
|Sep record high C = 34.8
|Oct record high C = 27.3
|Nov record high C = 23.2
|Dec record high C = 20.8
|Jan high C = 5.1
|Feb high C = 7.0
|Mar high C = 11.8
|Apr high C = 15.9
|May high C = 20.1
|Jun high C = 24.2
|Jul high C = 26.7
|Aug high C = 26.2
|Sep high C = 21.1
|Oct high C = 15.5
|Nov high C = 9.3
|Dec high C = 5.6
|year high C = 15.7
|Jan mean C = 2.1
|Feb mean C = 2.9
|Mar mean C = 6.7
|Apr mean C = 10.5
|May mean C = 14.5
|Jun mean C = 18.4
|Jul mean C = 20.6
|Aug mean C = 20.0
|Sep mean C = 15.7
|Oct mean C = 11.3
|Nov mean C = 6.0
|Dec mean C = 2.8
|year mean C = 11.0
|Jan low C = -1.1
|Feb low C = -1.1
|Mar low C = 1.7
|Apr low C = 5.0
|May low C = 9.1
|Jun low C = 12.7
|Jul low C = 14.6
|Aug low C = 14.2
|Sep low C = 10.7
|Oct low C = 7.2
|Nov low C = 2.6
|Dec low C = -0.2
|year low C = 6.3
|Jan record low C = -19.9
|Feb record low C = -20.0
|Mar record low C = -13.3
|Apr record low C = -5.2
|May record low C = -2.2
|Jun record low C = 1.3
|Jul record low C = 3.0
|Aug record low C = 4.9
|Sep record low C = 0.2
|Oct record low C = -4.7
|Nov record low C = -10.9
|Dec record low C = -17.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 72.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 55.9
|Mar precipitation mm = 62.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 67.1
|May precipitation mm = 78.5
|Jun precipitation mm = 83.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 79.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 81.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 90.7
|Oct precipitation mm = 96.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 88.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 89.9
|year precipitation mm = 945.7
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 9.5
|Feb precipitation days = 7.9
|Mar precipitation days = 8.2
|Apr precipitation days = 8.6
|May precipitation days = 10.2
|Jun precipitation days = 9.1
|Jul precipitation days = 8.1
|Aug precipitation days = 7.8
|Sep precipitation days = 8.3
|Oct precipitation days = 9.7
|Nov precipitation days = 9.9
|Dec precipitation days = 10.3
|year precipitation days = 107.6
| Jan snow cm = 7.5
| Feb snow cm = 5.3
| Mar snow cm = 2.5
| Apr snow cm = 0.3
| May snow cm = 0.0
| Jun snow cm = 0.0
| Jul snow cm = 0.0
| Aug snow cm = 0.0
| Sep snow cm = 0.0
| Oct snow cm = 0.0
| Nov snow cm = 3.0
| Dec snow cm = 5.3
| year snow cm = 23.9
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm
|Jan snow days = 2.0
|Feb snow days = 1.5
|Mar snow days = 0.8
|Apr snow days = 0.1
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.8
|Dec snow days = 1.8
|year snow days = 7.0
|Jan humidity = 81
|Feb humidity = 75
|Mar humidity = 68
|Apr humidity = 65
|May humidity = 68
|Jun humidity = 66
|Jul humidity = 64
|Aug humidity = 67
|Sep humidity = 73
|Oct humidity = 80
|Nov humidity = 82
|Dec humidity = 82
|year humidity = 73
|Jan sun = 60.9
|Feb sun = 95.9
|Mar sun = 161.2
|Apr sun = 186.6
|May sun = 212.0
|Jun sun = 245.8
|Jul sun = 269.2
|Aug sun = 241.6
|Sep sun = 184.0
|Oct sun = 116.3
|Nov sun = 65.4
|Dec sun = 48.0
|year sun = 1886.9
|Jan percentsun = 25
|Feb percentsun = 38
|Mar percentsun = 50
|Apr percentsun = 51
|May percentsun = 50
|Jun percentsun = 57
|Jul percentsun = 62
|Aug percentsun = 62
|Sep percentsun = 56
|Oct percentsun = 40
|Nov percentsun = 27
|Dec percentsun = 21
|year percentsun = 48
| source 1 = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name=NOAA1>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241211095857/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/5.5/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Switzerland/CSV/GeneveCointrin_06700.csv
| archive-date = 11 December 2024
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/5.5/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Switzerland/CSV/GeneveCointrin_06700.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 11 December 2024}}</ref>
|source 2 = MeteoSwiss<ref name=ClimatGVE>{{cite web |url=https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/GVE/climsheet_GVE_np9120_e.pdf |title=Climate normals Genève–Cointrin (Reference period 1991–2020) |publisher=Swiss Federal Office of Metreology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss |location=Zürich-Airport, Switzerland |date=13 January 2022 |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114004752/https://www.meteoswiss.admin.ch/product/output/climate-data/climate-diagrams-normal-values-station-processing/GVE/climsheet_GVE_np9120_e.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2022 |url-status=live  }}</ref>[[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute|KNMI]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eca.knmi.nl/indicesextremes/customquerytimeseriesplots.php?optionSelected=season&processtext1=Your+query+is+being+processed.+Please+wait...&countryselect=SWITZERLAND%7Cch&stationselect=GENEVE+COINTRIN%5Bch%5D%7C240&categoryselect=All+categories%7C**&indexselect=All+indices%7C**&seasonselect=Jan%7C7&processtext2=Your+query+is+being+processed.+Please+wait... |title=Genève–Cointrin extreme values |access-date=8 November 2011 |publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122231032/http://eca.knmi.nl/indicesextremes/customquerytimeseriesplots.php?optionSelected=season&processtext1=Your+query+is+being+processed.+Please+wait...&countryselect=SWITZERLAND%7Cch&stationselect=GENEVE+COINTRIN%5Bch%5D%7C240&categoryselect=All+categories%7C**&indexselect=All+indices%7C**&seasonselect=Jan%7C7&processtext2=Your+query+is+being+processed.+Please+wait... |archive-date=22 January 2016 |url-status=live  }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=TXx&periodidselect=1981-2010&seasonid=7&scalelogidselect=no&minx=516666.666667&miny=-5361904.761905&maxx=1383333.333333&maxy=-4711904.761905&MapSize=560%2C420&imagewidth=560&imageheight=420&CMD=RECENTER&CMD=QUERY_POINT#bottom|title=Genève–Cointrin 1981-2010 mean extreme values|access-date=29 December 2017|publisher=[[KNMI (institute)|KNMI]]}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
}}
{{Weather box
| width        = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it -->
| collapsed    = y <!-- y, if you have normal updates -->
| open         = 
| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities -->
| single line  = y
| location     = Geneva ([[Geneva Airport|GVA]]), elevation: {{convert|420|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, 1961–1990 normals and extremes
<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation -->
| Jan mean C  =0.7
| Feb mean C  =2.0
| Mar mean C  =5.0
| Apr mean C  =8.8
| May mean C  =12.8
| Jun mean C  =16.5
| Jul mean C  =19.1
| Aug mean C  =18.1
| Sep mean C  =14.9
| Oct mean C  =9.9
| Nov mean C  =5.0
| Dec mean C  =1.8
| Jan high C  =3.5
| Feb high C  =5.3
| Mar high C  =9.2
| Apr high C  =13.5
| May high C  =17.6
| Jun high C  =21.8
| Jul high C  =24.6
| Aug high C  =23.7
| Sep high C  =20.3
| Oct high C  =13.9
| Nov high C  =8.0
| Dec high C  =4.2
| Jan avg record high C  =11.0
| Feb avg record high C  =13.3 
| Mar avg record high C  =18.1 
| Apr avg record high C  =21.5 
| May avg record high C  =25.3 
| Jun avg record high C  =29.9 
| Jul avg record high C  =33.1 
| Aug avg record high C  =32.6 
| Sep avg record high C  =28.0 
| Oct avg record high C  =22.1 
| Nov avg record high C  =15.9 
| Dec avg record high C  =12.5
| Jan record high C =15.5
| Feb record high C =18.0
| Mar record high C =22.3
| Apr record high C =25.8
| May record high C =28.6
| Jun record high C =33.9
| Jul record high C =36.6
| Aug record high C =35.5
| Sep record high C =32.9
| Oct record high C =27.5
| Nov record high C =21.1
| Dec record high C =16.4
| Jan low C  =-2.3 
| Feb low C  =-1.2 
| Mar low C  =0.3
| Apr low C  =3.5
| May low C  =7.1
| Jun low C  =10.3
| Jul low C  =11.8
| Aug low C  =11.3
| Sep low C  =9.0
| Oct low C  =5.4
| Nov low C  =1.8
| Dec low C  =-1.1
| Jan avg record low C  =-9.6 
| Feb avg record low C  =-7.5 
| Mar avg record low C  =-5.7 
| Apr avg record low C  =-2.0 
| May avg record low C  =1.0 
| Jun avg record low C  =4.9 
| Jul avg record low C  =6.3 
| Aug avg record low C  =6.1 
| Sep avg record low C  =3.6 
| Oct avg record low C  =-0.1 
| Nov avg record low C  =-3.9 
| Dec avg record low C  =-7.7 
| Jan record low C  =-19.5
| Feb record low C  =-17.4
| Mar record low C  =-13.4
| Apr record low C  =-4.9
| May record low C  =-2.3
| Jun record low C  =1.3
| Jul record low C  =2.5
| Aug record low C  =4.3
| Sep record low C  =-0.2
| Oct record low C  =-2.1
| Nov record low C  =-9.2
| Dec record low C  =-16.7
| precipitation colour  = green
| Jan precipitation mm  =73.0
| Feb precipitation mm  =74.0
| Mar precipitation mm  =74.0
| Apr precipitation mm  =61.0
| May precipitation mm  =72.0
| Jun precipitation mm  =84.0
| Jul precipitation mm  =65.0
| Aug precipitation mm  =78.0
| Sep precipitation mm  =80.0
| Oct precipitation mm  =73.0
| Nov precipitation mm  =88.0
| Dec precipitation mm  =82.0
| Jan humidity    =82.0
| Feb humidity    =77.0
| Mar humidity    =72.0
| Apr humidity    =69.0
| May humidity    =70.0
| Jun humidity    =67.0
| Jul humidity    =64.0
| Aug humidity    =67.0
| Sep humidity    =73.0
| Oct humidity    =79.0
| Nov humidity    =79.0
| Dec humidity    =81.0
| Jan sun  =49.8
| Feb sun  =76.2
| Mar sun  =130.8
| Apr sun  =161.2
| May sun  =180.5
| Jun sun  =212.3
| Jul sun  =255.2
| Aug sun  =225.5
| Sep sun  =184.9
| Oct sun  =114.9
| Nov sun  =60.9
| Dec sun  =42.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days  =10.0
| Feb precipitation days  =9.0
| Mar precipitation days  =10.0
| Apr precipitation days  =9.0
| May precipitation days  =11.0
| Jun precipitation days  =10.0
| Jul precipitation days  =8.0
| Aug precipitation days  =9.0
| Sep precipitation days  =8.0
| Oct precipitation days  =8.0
| Nov precipitation days  =9.0
| Dec precipitation days  =10.0
| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/SW/06700.TXT
| title = Geneva (06700) - WMO Weather Station
| access-date = 19 February 2019
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}} [https://archive.org/details/19611990NormalsNOAAGeneva Archived] 19 February 2019, at the [[Wayback Machine]]</ref>
}}